Proliferative kidney disease and Sphaerospora oncorhynchi in wild-caught salmonids from the Puntledge River system, Vancouver Island, British Columbia

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Kent ◽  
M. Higgins ◽  
D.J. Whitaker ◽  
H. Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease ◽  
Sexually Mature

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the PKX myxosporean, was observed in kokanee salmon (non-anadromous sockeye salmon) (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) collected from the Puntledge River, Vancouver Island, British Columbia in July 1993. This is the first report of a natural infection of PKX in either captive or wild sockeye salmon. All 14 underyearling kokanee salmon and the one underyearling chinook salmon exhibited numerous PKX organisms and associated chronic inflammation in the renal interstitium. Thirty-eight percent of sexually mature kokanee salmon collected in the autumn of 1993 from Comox Lake (which drains into the Puntledge River) were infected with Sphaerospora oncorhynchi, Kent, Whitaker and Margolis, 1993 in the renal tubules, while immature cutthroat trout (O. clarki) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) from the same collection did not exhibit myxosporean spores in the kidney. The kidneys of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) collected from the Puntledge River during the summer were all infected with a Myxobilatus sp., but no organisms suggestive of PKX or Sphaerospora were observed. This study further supports the hypothesis that PKX is a developmental stage of S. oncorhynchi, which may sporulate only in sexually mature salmonids.

Sphaerospora oncorhynchi n.sp. (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) from the kidney of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in British Columbia and its possible relationship to the myxosporean causing proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fishes

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 2425-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Kent ◽  
D. J. Whitaker ◽  
L. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
North America ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease

Sphaerospora oncorhynchi n.sp. is described from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Great Central Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Subspherical spores and monosporous pseudoplasmodia were observed in the lumen of renal tubules. Pseudoplasmodia are oval or elongate and range from 5 to 15 μm in the greatest dimension. Spores are 8.2–10.2 μm (length) × 7.8–9.2 μm (width, in sutural plane) × 10.2–11.2 μm (thickness, perpendicular to sutural plane), with two spherical polar capsules of equal size measuring 2.9–3.3 μm in diameter and containing polar filaments with 4–5 coils. The spore contains two uninucleate sporoplasms and is usually surrounded by a degenerated pseudoplasmodium. The type locality for S. oncorhynchi is enzootic for proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fishes. This disease is caused by the PKX organisms, the extrasporogonic stage of an unidentified myxosporean similar to species of Sphaerospora. Sphaerospora oncorhynchi and the PKX organism are similar in that monosporous sporogenesis occurs within the lumen of renal tubules, and the trophozoites and pseudoplasmodia in early sporogenesis of the two parasites are indistinguishable. Furthermore, Sphaerospora spores very similar to those of S. oncorhynchi have been observed in salmonids from two localities in the U.S.A. that are enzootic for proliferative kidney disease. Therefore, the PKX myxosporean in North America may be an extrasporogonic form of S. oncorhynchi n.sp.

Identification of Farm-reared and Native Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Using the Nuclear DNA probe B2-2

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Withler ◽  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
R. F. Watkins ◽  
T. A. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
The West ◽  
River Population

The chinook salmon DNA probe B2-2 was used to distinguish farm-reared (from two commercial farms) and native chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that were sampled from five populations on the west coast of Vancouver island. The Big Qualicum River population (east coast of Vancouver Island), which is believed to be the main progenitor of domesticated broodstocks used for aquaculture in British Columbia, was also sampled. The presence or absence and integrated optical densities (IODs) of three DNA fragments at 8.3 kilo base pairs (kbp) (band 1), 6.5 kbp (band 2), and 5.6 kbp (band 3) in the hybridization patterns of B2-2 on BamHI-restricted DNA were recorded for 269 chinook salmon. The frequency of occurrence of bands 2 and 3, and all seven measurements made of the relative and absolute values of the IODs of the three bands, varied significantly among populations. The IOD of band 3 provided the best discrimination among populations. The Big Qualicum and two fish farm populations were differentiated from all five west coast native populations. Discriminant analysis and a neural network were used independently to classify correctly to type an average of 97% of the native and 83% of the farm west coast DNA patterns used as test samples.

scholarly journals Manifestation of Proliferative Kidney Disease in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Following Transfer of Infected Smolts to Sea Water.

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Kent ◽  
D. J. Whitaker ◽  
M. J. Higgins ◽  
J. M. Blackburn ◽  
S. C. Dawe
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Proliferative Kidney Disease

The distribution of plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch) in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts from Great Central Lake, British Columbia

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Diphyllobothrium Dendriticum ◽  
Pyloric Ceca

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Great Central Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were sampled in May of 1986 and 1987 to study the locations and sizes of plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. In 1986, 93% of 59 smolts were infected with a total of 222 plerocercoids (mean intensity ± SE, 4.0 ± 3.4; range, 1–15). In 1987, 77% of 168 smolts were infected with a total of 341 plerocercoids (mean ± SE, 2.6 ± 1.8; range, 1–9). More than 75% of the infected fish contained one to three plerocercoids, which were more often found free in the musculature than encysted in the viscera. Plerocercoids occurred most frequently in the midepaxial and midhypaxial musculature and encysted on the stomach and pyloric ceca. Plerocercoids varied in body length: those from the stomach area were <2 mm, and those in the viscera and musculature were 3–10 mm (a few from the musculature were >10 mm).

Differences in the gonadal cycles of adult and yearling blue grouse

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Hannon ◽  
B. R. Simard ◽  
F. C. Zwickel ◽  
J. F. Bendell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Viable Sperm ◽  
Sexually Mature

Gonadal cycles of adult and yearling female and male blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus) collected from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, are described and compared. Reproductive organs of yearling females develop later, produce eggs at a lower oviduct weight, and regress faster to a lower oviduct weight than do those of adults. Yearling males, although most do not breed, go through the entire gonadal cycle and produce viable sperm. Testes of yearlings develop later, have a lower volume, and regress earlier than those of adults. Yearlings of both sexes appear less sexually mature than adults, but delays in or lack of breeding could be partly a result of social interaction with resident adults.

The development of Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Cyclops bicuspidatus in relation to temperature

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Ko ◽  
James R. Adams
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Larval Stages

Development of Philonema oncorhynchi was followed in Cyclops bicuspidatus kept at 4°, 10°, and 15 °C. The nematode molted twice in the haemocoel of copepods. Three larval stages are described. The final size of the infective stage was unaffected by temperature. The rate of larval development was directly proportional to temperature between 4° and 15 °C. An increase of 5 °C halved the rate. The significance of these findings to the natural infection of sockeye salmon in Cultus Lake, British Columbia, is discussed.The development of P. agubernaculum from the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was studied at 10 °C by the same methods. Morphological features and rate of development were similar to those of P. oncorhynchi.

The Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Regional Comparisons

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Central California ◽  
Bottom Depth

Abstract.—In this chapter, we describe the distributions and abundances of juvenile Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>, coho salmon <em>O. kisutch</em>, chum salmon <em>O. keta</em>, pink salmon <em>O. gorbuscha</em>, and sockeye salmon <em>O. nerka </em>in six regions along the west coast of North America from central California to the northern Gulf of Alaska during the early summer (June and July) and late summer–fall (August– November) of 2000, 2002, and 2004. We also describe fish abundance in relation to bottom depth and to the average temperature and salinity of the upper water column. Salmon were collected in rope trawls from the upper 15–20 m over the open coastal shelf. Catch per unit effort was standardized across the different regions. Subyearling Chinook salmon were found only from central California to British Columbia. Yearling Chinook salmon were widespread, but were most abundant between Oregon and Vancouver Island. Juvenile coho salmon were widespread from northern California to the northern Gulf of Alaska, whereas chum, sockeye, and pink salmon were only abundant from Vancouver Island north into the Gulf of Alaska. Generally, the juveniles of the different salmon species were most abundant at, or north of, the latitudes at which the adults spawn. Abundances were particularly high near major exit corridors for fish migrating from freshwater or protected marine waters onto the open shelf. Seasonal latitudinal shifts in abundance of the juvenile salmon were generally consistent with the counterclockwise migration model of Hartt and Dell (1986). Subyearling Chinook salmon were associated with the high salinity environment found off California and Oregon, whereas chum, sockeye, and pink salmon were associated with the lower salinity environment in the Gulf of Alaska. However, within regions, evidence for strong temperature or salinity preferences among the different species was lacking. Subyearling Chinook salmon were most abundant in shallow, nearshore water.

Behavior of adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in British Columbia coastal waters determined from ultrasonic telemetry

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1161-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Candy ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking

To characterize adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) migratory behavior, we used ultrasonic tracking to describe their vertical and horizontal movements in upper Johnstone Strait, British Columbia during 1990-1992. Movement patterns varied: several fish showed a postrelease "escape" response and a protracted "recovery" period, with evidence of diel patterns of vertical and horizontal movements becoming apparent after 8 h. After release, 12 of the 32 chinook salmon that were tracked tended to dive deep. Chinook salmon that dived deep (>200 m) were significantly larger than fish that remained nearer the surface (mean fork length, 87.2 vs. 77.3 cm, respectively), and deep diving was not correlated with aspects of handling that might have stressed the fish. The mean depth of travel calculated over all tracks was 70 m and the maximum depths were between 300 and 400 m. Average depths of travel were shallower during the day (25-64 m) than at night (49-78 m). Overall, mean ascent and descent rates were similar (11-12 m/5 min). Gross travel rates (ground speed), defined as the distance moved during 5-min intervals, averaged 1.9 km/h, but tidal currents could have influenced these estimates. Net travel rates, defined as the distance between the point of release and track termination, were slower than gross rates, averaging 0.60 km/h. Average grounds speeds were more rapid during the day (1.9-3.2 km/h) than at night (1.7-2.5 km/h). Compared with sockeye salmon tracked in the same area during 1985-1986, chinook salmon moved more slowly, in both gross and net travel rates, and swam deeper.

Variation in developmental biology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in British Columbia

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2081-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Clyde B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Embryos and alevins of coastal-spawning and interior-spawning sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon stocks in British Columbia were incubated under controlled water temperatures of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 15 °C. At low incubation temperatures, interior-spawning stocks of both species had smaller eggs and higher embryo survival rates than did coastal-spawning stocks. Interior-spawning stocks had faster developmental rates to alevin hatching and fry emergence than did coastal-spawning stocks. Interior-spawning stocks had proportionately larger alevins or fry at 2 °C (for sockeye salmon) or 4 °C (for chinook salmon) relative to their performance at 8 °C than did coastal-spawning stocks. Red-fleshed chinook salmon had higher embryo survival rates at 15 °C than did white-fleshed chinook salmon, as well as an indication of proportionately larger alevins or fry relative to the performance at lower incubation temperatures. Differences in developmental biology of interior- and coastal-spawning stocks may reflect adaptation to the thermal conditions experienced during development.

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