Toxicological mechanisms of a multicomponent agricultural seed protectant in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1387-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W Greene ◽  
Richard M Kocan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Ethylene glycol (EG) and thiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, are components of the seed protectant Vitavax-200. EG is a common solvent, thought to be nontoxic, whereas thiram, a dithiocarbamate known to be toxic to fish, is an active ingredient in Vitavax-200. When the\i toxicities of EG and thiram were investigated individually and as a mixture in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), a strong synergistic toxic effect was observed. Using a constant sublethal concentration of thiram, a 5- to 19-fold increase and a 2- to 2.4-fold increase in EG toxicity was observed in fathead minnow and rainbow trout, respectively. The toxicity of EG following pretreatment of rainbow trout with pyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, was decreased by 22% whereas pretreatment with cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased toxicity 3.4-fold. The results indicate that thiram inhibits the complete metabolism of EG, resulting in the buildup of a toxic aldehyde intermediate and increasing the toxicity of EG.

Toxicity of Trace Metal Mixtures to Alevin Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Larval Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in Soft, Acidic Water

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1348-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Hickie ◽  
N. J. Hutchinson ◽  
D. G. Dixon ◽  
P. V. Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Metal Mixtures ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Acid Tolerant

The acute lethality of a fixed-ratio mixture of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb (75:60:60:12:12:6:6 μg∙L−1 = 1.0 acid lake concentration or ALC, representative of Ontario lakes acidified to pH 5.8) was examined with alevin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). All testing was done in extremely soft, acidic water (2.5 mg Ca∙L−1; pH 4.6–5.8). For the acid-tolerant trout alevins (144-h LC50 = pH 4.32), median lethal metal mixture levels at pH 5.8 were 5.0 ALC. Toxicity of the mixture increased at lower pHs, with a median lethal threshold of 1.0 ALC at pH 4.9. A mixture of Al, Zn, and Cu was equivalent in toxicity to the full mixture; mixture toxicity was caused by Cu alone at pH 5.8 and by Al alone at pH 4.9. For the acid-sensitive fathead minnow larvae (144-h LC50 = pH 5.54), the mixture of metals typical of lakes acidified to pH 5.8 was lethal (LC50 = 0.84 ALC); again, toxicity was associated with Al, Cu, and Zn. This research implies that Cu could be an important factor contributing to the demise of acid-sensitive fish at pHs above those associated with increased Al solubility and toxicity.

Describing population dynamics for early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using a stock synthesis model1This article is a companion to Korman et al. 2011, published this issue.

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Korman ◽  
S.J.D. Martell ◽  
Carl Walters
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Wide Range

A stock synthesis model was used to assess effects of experimental flows on early life stages of nonnative rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam (Arizona, USA). The model estimated time-varying survival rates while correcting for entry of new recruits to the age-0 population and changes in vulnerability to capture associated with growth and ontogenetic habitat shifts. A controlled flood, designed in part to enhance native fish habitat, led to an 11-fold increase in early survival rates (fertilization to ~1 month from emergence) of weekly cohorts of trout fertilized after the flood. Effects of increased flow fluctuations during incubation, designed to reduce trout abundance, were not apparent. Age-0 mortality between August and September was over twofold higher in years when there was a 50% reduction in the minimum flow compared with years when flow was stable. There was strong support for models that simulated an ontogenetic shift to deeper habitat in four of five study years. The integration of detailed field information in a stock synthesis model to describe early life history dynamics is a valuable approach that can be applied in a wide range of systems.

Copper metabolism in actively growing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): interactions between dietary and waterborne copper uptake

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-290
Author(s):  
Collins Kamunde ◽  
Martin Grosell ◽  
Dave Higgs ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Cu Uptake

SUMMARY Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to diets with low (12.6 nmol g–1), normal (50.4 nmol g–1) or elevated (4437.5 nmol g–1) Cu concentrations in combination with either low (5.8 nmol l–1) or normal (48.5 nmol l–1) waterborne Cu levels over a 50-day period, during which body mass increased up to fivefold. A nutritional requirement for Cu was demonstrated based on growth response and whole body and tissue Cu status. Simultaneous low Cu levels in both the water and the diet depressed growth by 31 % over 7 weeks. There were reductions in both specific growth rate (SGR, 1.95 versus 2.55 % day–1) and food conversion efficiency (FCE, 53–59 % versus 75–80 %) over weeks 0–4, but these effects disappeared in weeks 4–7. Elevated concentrations of dietary Cu did not affect SGR or FCE. Low levels of dietary and waterborne Cu decreased, and high levels of dietary Cu increased, the Cu concentrations in whole body, liver, carcass, gut and gills. Copper levels in the liver strongly reflected the exposure conditions with a corresponding fivefold decrease and a 22-fold increase in Cu concentration. Restricting available Cu caused an exponential decline in whole body Cu concentration from 0.0175 to 0.0069 μmol g–1 and increased the uptake of waterborne Cu (measured with 64Cu) by the gills. Conversely, high levels of dietary Cu caused a linear increase in whole body Cu concentration to approximately 0.170 μmol g–1 and depressed the uptake of waterborne Cu. Waterborne Cu uptake contributed the majority (60 %) of the body’s Cu accumulation under Cu-deficient conditions while dietary Cu contributed the majority (99 %) at high dietary levels of Cu. True bioavailability of dietary Cu decreased with increasing levels of dietary Cu concentration, although the absolute amount retained increased. These findings demonstrate an important interaction between dietary and waterborne Cu uptake in fish and provide compelling evidence of a key role for the gill in Cu homeostasis.

Comparison of intermittent and continuous exposure to mercuric chloride in rainbow trout (Oncothynchus mykiss), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and the fathead minnow (Pimephales ptomelas)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed continuously or intermittently (24-h exposure: 24-h recovery) to a nominal peak concentration of 3 μg∙L−1 mercuric chloride for 120 h. There were no differences in the target organs or the distribution of the toxicant within internal organs between the two exposure regimes. Mercury concentrations in the tissues of intermittently exposed fish were less than those of continuously exposed fish. The lower mercury concentrations in the intermittently exposed groups arose from reduced or negligible accumulation during recovery periods rather than mercury excretion. The accumulation of mercury during intermittent exposure is roughly proportional to the exposure duration, and could therefore be predicted from a continuous exposure of equivalent total exposure duration. This proportionality exists when (1) peak concentrations of mercury are the same in both regimes, and (2) the recovery periods are short compared with the biological half-life for mercury.

scholarly journals Influence of water quality on silver toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and water fleas (Daphnia magna)

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Karen ◽  
David R. Ownby ◽  
Barry L. Forsythe ◽  
Todd P. Bills ◽  
Thomas W. La Point ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Silver Toxicity
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