ANALYSIS OF SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN AVENAE BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND DISC ELECTROPHORESIS

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Dass
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Esterase Patterns

Thin-layer chromatographic studies on flavonoids, and disc electrophoretic studies on proteins and esterase isoenzymes were conducted with Avena to determine species relationships and genome homologies. Distinctness of Avena ventricosa and A. pilosa was observed in comparison to other diploid species. Closeness of the diploid species of the A. strigosa group (including hirtula and wiestii) was evident from the similarity of their protein and esterase spectra. The tetraploid species, A. barbata and A. abyssinica, were found to be very close to A. hirtula and A. strigosa, respectively, by TLC studies. Proteins and esterases also showed that the tetraploid species are very close to the A. strigosa group of diploid species. The contribution of a genome by the A. strigosa group to the tetraploids and hexaploids was confirmed. The hexaploids showed different protein and esterase patterns. The involvement of A. ventricosa as the C genome donor to the hexaploids was shown by the protein and esterase spectra. A few extra protein bands observed may have been from the D genome.

PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES IN TRITICINAE STUDIED BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Dass
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
D Genome ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography was used to assess the phylogenetic affinities in Triticinae. Leaf phenolics of Aegilops speltoides, Ae. bicornis, Ae. squarrosa, Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum and T. aestivum ssp. spelta were screened on cellulose coated plates. The chromatographic data were analysed statistically and a similarity index (biochemical distance) calculated. This index corresponded most closely with conventional concepts of affinities. T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum were found to be closer to Ae. bicornis than to Ae. speltoides which suggests that Ae. bicornis is more probably the B genome donor. The contribution of the D genome by Ae. squarrosa was further confirmed. Correlation between the two tetraploids T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum as well as with T. aestivum was high. Among the Aegilops species studied, Ae. speltoides most closely resembled T. monococcum. Low affinity in terms of the biochemical distance of T. monococcum with emmer wheats and T. aestivum throws doubt upon its direct contribution of the A genome.

Allopolyploid speciation of the Mexican tetraploid potato species Solanum stoloniferum and S. hjertingii revealed by genomic in situ hybridization

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 714-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Pendinen ◽  
Tatjana Gavrilenko ◽  
Jiming Jiang ◽  
David M. Spooner
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Genomic In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Section Petota ◽  
Gish Analysis

Thirty-six percent of the wild potato ( Solanum L. section Petota Dumort.) species are polyploid, and about half of the polyploids are tetraploid species (2n = 4x = 48). Determination of the type of polyploidy and development of the genome concept for members of section Petota traditionally has been based on the analysis of chromosome pairing in species and their hybrids and, most recently, DNA sequence phylogenetics. Based on these data, the genome designation AABB was proposed for Mexican tetraploid species of series Longipedicellata Buk. We investigated this hypothesis with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) for both representatives of the series, S. stoloniferum Schltdl. and S. hjertingii Hawkes. GISH analysis supports an AABB genome constitution for these species, with S. verrucosum Schltdl. (or its progenitor) supported as the A genome donor and another North or Central American diploid species (S. cardiophyllum Lindl., S. ehrenbergii (Bitter) Rydb., or S. jamesii Torrey) as the B genome donor. GISH analysis of chromosome pairing of S. stoloniferum also confirms the strict allopolyploid nature of this species. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization data suggest that 45S rDNA regions of the two genomes of S. stoloniferum were changed during coevolution of A and B genomes of this allotetraploid species.

Chromosomal organization of a sequence related to LTR-like elements of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in Avena species

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concha Linares ◽  
Antonio Serna ◽  
Araceli Fominaya
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Chromosomal Organization ◽  
Intergenomic Translocations ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Slot Blot Analysis ◽  
Copia Retrotransposons

A repetitive sequence, pAs17, was isolated from Avena strigosa (As genome) and characterized. The insert was 646 bp in length and showed 54% AT content. Databank searches revealed its high homology to the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences of the specific family of Ty1-copia retrotransposons represented by WIS2-1A and Bare. It was also found to be 70% identical to the LTR domain of the WIS2-1A retroelement of wheat and 67% identical to the Bare-1 retroelement of barley. Southern hybridizations of pAs17 to diploid (A or C genomes), tetraploid (AC genomes), and hexaploid (ACD genomes) oat species revealed that it was absent in the C diploid species. Slot-blot analysis suggested that both diploid and tetraploid oat species contained 1.3 × 104 copies, indicating that they are a component of the A-genome chromosomes. The hexaploid species contained 2.4 × 104 copies, indicating that they are a component of both A- and D-genome chromosomes. This was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses using pAs17, two ribosomal sequences, and a C-genome specific sequence as probes. Further, the chromosomes involved in three C-A and three C-D intergenomic translocations in Avena murphyi (AC genomes) and Avena sativa cv. Extra Klock (ACD genomes), respectively, were identified. Based on its physical distribution and Southern hybridization patterns, a parental retrotransposon represented by pAs17 appears to have been active at least once during the evolution of the A genome in species of the Avena genus.Key words: chromosomal organization, in situ hybridization, intergenomic translocations, LTR sequence, oats.

scholarly journals Pervasive hybridizations in the history of wheat relatives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Glémin ◽  
Celine Scornavacca ◽  
Jacques Dainat ◽  
Concetta Burgarella ◽  
Véronique Viader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Species Relationship ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
A Genome ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complex Scenario

AbstractBread wheat and durum wheat derive from an intricate evolutionary history of three genomes, namely A, B and D, present in both extent diploid and polyploid species. Despite its importance for wheat research, no consensus on the phylogeny of the wheat clade has emerged so far, possibly because of hybridizations and gene flows that make phylogeny reconstruction challenging. Recently, it has been proposed that the D genome originated from an ancient hybridization event between the A and B genomes1. However, the study only relied on four diploid wheat relatives when 13 species are accessible. Using transcriptome data from all diploid species and a new methodological approach, we provide the first comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of this group. Our analysis reveals that most species belong to the D-genome lineage and descend from the previously detected hybridization event, but with a more complex scenario and with a different parent than previously thought. If we confirmed that one parent was the A genome, we found that the second was not the B genome but the ancestor of Aegilops mutica (T genome), an overlooked wild species. We also unravel evidence of other massive gene flow events that could explain long-standing controversies in the classification of wheat relatives. We anticipate that these results will strongly affect future wheat research by providing a robust evolutionary framework and refocusing interest on understudied species. The new method we proposed should also be pivotal for further methodological developments to reconstruct species relationship with multiple hybridizations.

scholarly journals INCIPIENT GENOME DIFFERENTIATION IN GOSSYPIUM. III. COMPARISON OF CHROMOSOMES OF G. HIRSUTUM AND ASIATIC DIPLOIDS USING HETEROZYGOUS TRANSLOCATIONS

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Margaret Y Menzel ◽  
Clare A Hasenkampf ◽  
James McD Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Standard Line ◽  
Preferential Pairing ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Genome Constitution ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Segregation Ratios

ABSTRACT Hybrids between upland cotton (G. hirsutum, genome constitution 2AhDh) and either A-genome or D-genome diploid species exhibit 26 paired and 13 unpaired chromosomes at metaphase I. The Ah and Dh genomes are therefore considered homoeologous with those of the respective diploids. Previous studies, nevertheless, revealed a low level of ("incipient") differentiation between Dh and various diploid D genomes. The diploid A genomes have been regarded as more closely homologous to Ah on the basis of low preferential pairing and autotetraploid segregation ratios in allohexaploids.—The present study addressed the following questions: Are the diploid A genomes differentiated from Ah in meiotic homology? If so, is the differentiation manifested equally by all 13 chromosomes or is it localized in certain chromosomes?—Three diploid A-genome lines representing G. herbaceum and G. arboreum were hybridized by in ovulo culture of embryos (1) with a standard line of G. hirsutum, which differs from G. herbaceum by two and from G. arboreum by three naturally occurring reciprocal translocations involving chromosomes 1—5, and (2) with six lines homozygous for experimental translocations involving chromosomes 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13. Chiasma frequencies in hybrids were compared with those in appropriate G. hirsutum controls. In every comparison overall chiasma frequencies were slightly lower in the hybrids. Therefore Ah appears to be differentiated from the diploid A genomes. No localized differentiation was detected in chromosomes marked by experimental translocations. The differentiation may be localized mainly in chromosomes 4 and 5.

Nitrate Reductase Phylogeny of Potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Genomes with Emphasis on the Origins of the Polyploid Species

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flor Rodríguez ◽  
David M. Spooner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Potato Germplasm ◽  
Maternal Genome ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome

Solanum section Petota is taxonomically difficult, partly because of interspecific hybridization at both the diploid and polyploid levels. There is much disagreement regarding species boundaries and affiliation of species to series. Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships within the polyploids is crucial for an effective taxonomic treatment of the section and for the utilization of wild potato germplasm in breeding programs. We here infer relationships among the potato diploids and polyploids using nitrate reductase (NIA) sequence data in comparison to prior plastid phylogenies and: 1) examine genome types within section Petota, 2) show species in the polyploid series Conicibaccata, Longipedicellata, and in the Iopetalum group to be derived from allopolyploidization, 3) support an earlier hypothesis by confirming S. verrucosum as the maternal genome donor for the polyploid species S. demissum as well as species in the Iopetalum Group, 4) demonstrate that S. verrucosum is the closest relative to the maternal genome donor for species in ser. Longipedicellata, 5) support the close relationship between S. acaule and diploid species from series Megistacroloba and Tuberosa, and 6) show the North and Central American B genome species to be well distinguished from the A genome species of South America.

Inferences on the origins of polyploid Turnera species (Passifloraceae) based on molecular data

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia López ◽  
Aveliano Fernández ◽  
Joel S. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
C Genome ◽  
Nuclear Its

We explore the evolution of polyploids in subseries Turnera, testing hypotheses on their origins using DNA sequences (partial ndhF and trnT-L) from the plastid genome, as well as sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). We construct phylogenies (with both Bayesian and maximum parsimony methods) using both the plastid and ITS sequences. We test hypotheses concerning the genome contributors to polyploids where previous cytogenetic studies had designated various diploid species as possessing A or C genomes and had proposed various genomic constitutions for the polyploids. Our analyses support the occurrence of a C genome clade of species and the origin of autooctoploid T. fernandezii Arbo from T. grandiflora (Urb.) Arbo (a C genome diploid). Nuclear ITS data support the hypothesis that T. concinna Arbo (an A genome species) contributed a genome to the segmental allotetraploid T. grandidentata (Urb.) Arbo, whereas analyses of ndhF and trnT-L sequences did not lead to identification of the plastid (or additional nuclear genome) donor. Our analyses support the origins of allooctoploids T. aurelii Arbo and T. cuneiformis Poir. from hexaploid T. orientalis (Urb.) Arbo. We found no evidence that hexaploid T. velutina Presl. possesses a C genome. We provide evidence, using Bayes factors, supporting the hypothesis that the segmental allohexaploids have had independent origins.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism based phylogenetic analysis of Avena L.

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Alicchio ◽  
Lina Aranci ◽  
Lucia Conte
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

We report a molecular approach to the study of the phylogenetic relationships of Avena diploid and polyploid species based on RFLP detected with three cDNA probes of nuclear genes belonging to multigenic families (low pI α-amylase, avenin, and globulin). All the probes were highly informative in the detection of polymorphism between oat species. Associations between species were determined from cluster (UPGMA) analysis based on distance values calculated from RFLP data separately for each of the two levels of ploidy. Results were in general agreement with morphology based phylogenetic analyses, confirming the large differentiation among A and C genomes in the evolution of diploid species and the genetic homogeneity among A. brevis, A. strigosa, and A. nuda and the recently discovered A. atlantica. A certain divergence was observed between two endemic species (A. canariensis and A. damascena) and the other diploid species with the A genome. The analysis of tetraploid species relationships confirms the differentiation of the barbata complex (A. wiestii, A. barbata, A. abyssinica, and A. vaviloviana) from the maroccana–murphyi–agadiriana group, which, despite some similarities in morphological and biochemical traits, seems to have accumulated deep genetic differences along its evolutionary pathway.Key words: Avena genomes, genetic distance, ploidy, RFLP, multigenic families.

LEAF ESTERASE ISOZYMES IN AVENA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENOMES

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris L. Craig ◽  
Beatrice E. Murray ◽  
Tibor Rajhathy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Esterase Isozymes ◽  
Avena Species ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
A Genome ◽  
C Genome ◽  
Esterase Patterns

Leaf esterase patterns of natural populations of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid Avena species were separated by disc electrophoresis. The zymotypes of the A genome diploids A. hirtula, A. strigosa and A. longiglumis differed from the C genome diploids A. pilosa and A. ventricosa. The tetraploids A. barbata, A. magna and A. murphyi had distinctive zymotypes. The A. barbata zymotype resembled the A genome diploids which supports the cytological evidence for homoeology between the genomes. Avena magna and A. murphyi were a combination of the A and C diploid patterns with A. murphyi resembling the C more than the A pattern. The zymotypes of the hexaploids A. sterilis and A. sativa revealed the expected A, C and AC genome ancestry. Band affinity ratings within and between genomic groups agreed with the cytological evidence and cross-compatible relationships, the exception being the C — AC species that have high affinity ratings but are apparently cross-incompatible.

scholarly journals Comparative Functional Studies on Two Diploid Cotton Genomes Reveals Functional Differences of Basic Helix-loop-helix Proteins in Arabidopsis Trichome Initiation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Anh Phu Nam Bui ◽  
Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian ◽  
Thuan-Anh Nguyen-Huu ◽  
Tuan-Loc Le ◽  
Hoang Dung Tran
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Tetraploid Cotton ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
A Genome

Background: The cultivated tetraploid cotton species (AD genomes) was originated from two ancestral diploid species (A and D genomes). While the ancestral A-genome species produce spinnable fibers, the D- genome species do not. Cotton fibers are unicellular trichomes originating from seed coat epidermal cells, and currently there is an immense interest in understanding the process of fiber initiation and development. Current knowledge demonstrates that there is a great of deal of resemblance in initiation mechanism between by Arabidopsis trichome and cotton fiber. Methodology: In this study, we performed comparative functional studies between A genome and D-genome species in cotton by using Arabidopsis trichome initiation as a model. Four cotton genes TTG3, MYB2, DEL61 and DEL65 were amplified from A-genome and D-genome species, and transformed into their homolog trichomeless mutants Arabidopsis ttg1, gl1, and gl3egl3, respectively. Results: Our data indicated that the transgenic plants expressing TTG3 and MYB2 genes from A-genome and D-genome species complement the ttg1 and gl1 mutants, respectively. We also discovered complete absences of two functional basic helix loop helix (bHLH) proteins (DEL65/DEL61) in D- diploid species and one (DEL65) that is functional in A-genome species, but not from D-genome species. This observation is consistent with the natural phenomenon of spinnable fiber production in A- genome species and absence in D-genome species.

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