Acetylene reduction by non-symbiotic bacteria in artificial soil aggregates amended with glucose

The C2H2-reduction assay was used to study the activity of non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in glucose-amended artificial soil aggregates prepared from a sandy clay loam and a sandy loam soil. Anaerobic incubation under nitrogen resulted in significantly higher rates and greater total quantities of C2H2 reduction than did incubation in air. In the sandy clay loam soil activity under both incubation conditions was due to anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria, whereas in the sandy loam soil aerobic N2-fixing bacteria also proliferated in the aggregates. Direct observation of sectioned aggregates by fluorescence microscopy showed that peripheral zone 1 mm thick sup ported the growth of aerobic microorganisms. The anaerobic microsites in the interior of the aggregates were well protected since disruption procedures involving vigorous shaking with aerated water were required to allow O2 to penetrate and inhibit the anaerobic activity.

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Leaching and mobility of carbofuran from granular and alginate controlled release formulations

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859699007741 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 134 (4) ◽

pp. 405-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. S. MAREI ◽

H. R. SOLTAN ◽

A. MOUSA ◽

A. KHAMIS

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Column ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Flooded Soil ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Controlled Release Formulations ◽

Loam Soil

Controlled release (CR) formulations can significantly influence the fate of carbofuran in the environment. The influence of three alginate-encapsulated CR formulations compared with the granular formulation (G10%) on the mobility of carbofuran in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil was investigated. In flooded soil the leaching potential of the three alginate controlled release formulations tested was decreased more than nine times (not more than 3%) compared with the G10% (28%). Most of the released carbofuran was confined to the top 0–5 cm of the soil column followed by the second 5–10 cm layer and the least was found in the fourth section (15–20 cm). The data obtained for a sandy loam soil irrigated by drip irrigation showed that the greatest proportion of carbofuran leached through the columns was from the G10% (52%) compared with 3–4% from CR formulations over a 30-day period. The carbofuran concentrations found in different soil depths showed similar trends to those for the flooded soil. Based on the residue levels recorded within the 20 cm depth, the relative retention ratio of carbofuran in sandy clay loam versus sandy loam soil was 1·2[ratio ]1 for the controlled release formulations and 1·9[ratio ]1 for the G10%.

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Effect of Commonly used Turfgrass Herbicides on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Root Growth

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500076451 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 641-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Frederick M. Fishel ◽

G. Euel Coats

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Root Weight ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Fine Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Loam Soil

Experiments were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to determine bioavailability of PRE herbicides at three soil profile depths and two soil types in established common bermudagrass sods. Prodiamine and oryzalin reduced ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass root growth in the 5- to 7.5-cm layer of a Bosket very fine sandy loam soil at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in 1991. These herbicides decreased bermudagrass root weight in both the Bosket and Marietta sandy clay loam both years in samples taken from the 2.5- to 5-cm depth layer. In the 0- to 2.5-cm soil layer, all herbicides reduced root weight in 1990. In a bioassay, prodiamine caused decreased Tifgreen bermudagrass root growth at concentrations as low as 4 ppb by wt in the very fine sandy loam soil, while 8 ppb was necessary in the sandy clay loam soil. Prodiamine was detected in the very fine sandy loam at 4 wk after treatment at all depths in 1991 (65, 45, and 39 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively). Oryzalin was also detected at all depths in 1991 when sampled at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in the very fine sandy loam. Pendimethalin was present in concentrations of 38, 39, and 37 ppb in the sandy clay loam at 2 wk after treatment in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and the 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively. Pendimethalin was also detected in the very fine sandy loam at 2 wk after treatment at concentrations of 55, 69, and 36 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively.

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Suitability of Rice Transplanters and Weeders in Different Soil Types

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2021/v43i430676 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 103-113

Author(s):

S. Vallal Kannan ◽

A. Veeramani ◽

M. Hemalatha ◽

S. Elamathi ◽

C. Umamageswari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Soil Types ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Net Return ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Field Efficiency

Aim: To evaluate the performance of existing models of rice transplanters in different soil types, to evaluate the performance of existing models of power weeder in different soil types, and to reduce the cost of cultivation and enhance the rice production and profitability. Study design: Strip plot design with different soil types as main-plot treatments(3),existing models of rice transplanter(5) as sub-plot treatment and existing models of power weeder(3) as sub-sub-plot treatments. Place and duration: Experiments were conducted in six locations of delta zones of Tamil Nadu representing three soil types’ viz., sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and clay loam during samba season(2019 & 2020) with the medium duration rice variety ‘TKM 13. Methodology: Transplanter machine related parameters of actual field efficiency, theoretical capacity and field efficiency and weeder machine related parameters of field capacity and field efficiency and weed control efficiency was observed in different soil types. Suitability of transplanter and weeder combination on rice growth and yield parameters and yield, reduction of cost of cultivation and increase in net return and net income were observed and calculated. Results: Among growth and yield parameters, the 6 row yanmar transplanter along with conoweeding combination were recorded higher tillers and productive tillers (16.28 &20.65/hill), number of filled grains (113&145/panicle) seed yield (5922 &5733kg/ha) respectively in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil. Similarly, higher net return(Rs.70195/ha& Rs.55343/ha)) and BCR(2.62& BCR(2.28) in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil respectively. Furthermore, they achieved additional grain yield of 1769 kg/ha and 1873 kg/ha with the additional net profit of Rs.37027/ha& Rs.34813/ha in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil respectively. Yanmar 8 row transplanter along with single row power weeder combination were recorded higher productive tillers (15.25/hill), filled grains(122/panicle) and seed yield (5506 kg/ha) with higher net return (Rs.58175/ha) and BCR(2.32) in clay loam soil. Furthermore, they achieved with an additional grain yield of 1121 kg/ha with additional net profit of Rs.24618/ha and net income change of Rs.24618/ha in clay loam soil compared to farmers practice. Conclusion: Cultivation of rice by using 6 row yanmar transplanter and weeding by cono weeder along with agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil. Cultivation of rice by using 8 row Yanmar transplanter for transplanting and single row power weeder for weeding operation along with recommended agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in clay loam soil.

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Persistence of Preemergence Applications of Chlorsulfuron, Metsulfuron, Triasulfuron, and Tribenuron in Three Soils in Greece

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450007613x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 246-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Eleni Kotoula-Syka ◽

Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos ◽

Athanasios A. Gagianas ◽

Achilleas G. Sficas

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Residual Activity ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Silty Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Loam Soil

A pot bioassay, based on root growth of pregerminated corn, was used to evaluate factors influencing field persistence of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron, which were applied preemergence at 0, 10, 20, and 40 g ai ha−1to wheat grown in three soils that differed in texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam) and pH (7.9, 4.7, and 7.6). Residual activity and leaching of all herbicides in all soils increased with increasing rate of application, with the exception of tribenuron which showed practically no residual activity and leaching in sandy clay loam soil. Sunflower sown 4 mo after tribenuron application in all soils was not injured by any rate used but was significantly affected by the other herbicides. Lentil and sugarbeet also were affected by all herbicides in all soils. These three crops sown 8 mo after herbicide application were not affected by any herbicide used in the sandy clay loam soil but were injured by chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, and metsulfuron in the sandy loam soil. Only lentil and sugarbeet were injured by chlorsulfuron in the silty clay loam soil.

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Effect of applied lead on the growth and accumulation of lead in Indian spinach in three textural groups of soils

Chittagong University Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13377 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 113-124

Author(s):

MG Kibria ◽

KT Osman ◽

M Islam ◽

MJ Ahammad

Keyword(s):

Lead Concentration ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Treatment ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Different Levels

Indian spinach (Basella rubra L.) was grown in earthen pots containing soils of three different textures and treated with different levels of lead. The effects of Pb treatments on growth and uptake of Pb were investigated. At the highest dose of Pb ( 50 mg Pb kg-1 soil) leaf, stem and root dry weight of Indian spinach were reduced by 22-34, 11- 43 and 30-47 %, respectively from control in clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil, respectively. Lead concentration in leaf, stem and root generally increased with increasing rate of Pb application. The highest Pb concentrations in leaf, stem and root were obtained at 50 mg Pb kg-1 soil treatment and the values were in the ranges from 49.28 to 65.40, 57.72 to 77.51 and 46.69 to 71.78 mg kg-1, respectively. Bioaccumulation coefficients of Pb in leaf, stem and root of Indian spinach were in the ranges of 0.63- 1.94, 0.82-2.21 and 0.37-1.09, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13377 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):113-124, 2010

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Study on performance of poplar clones in relation to soil condition and growth regulator application in nursery

The Journal of Phytopharmacology ◽

10.31254/phyto.2018.7319 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 349-352

Author(s):

Lakhwinder Singh ◽

◽

Dr. Avtar Singh ◽

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulator ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Poplar Clones ◽

Loam Soil

The experiment was conducted to investigate the response of two types of soils (Sandy loam and Sandy clay loam) and foliar application of growth regulator i.e. Triacontanol at three levels (0ppm, 3ppm, 5ppm on nine poplar clones (PL-1 to PL-7, L-47/88 and L-48/89) at nursery stage, at experimental area of department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Various attributes like growth characteristics, physiological parameters and nutrient content in leaves were recorded at different interval of growth. The results of the study revealed that Triacontanol showed non-significant and soil types showed significant results for morphological characters viz. Plant height, collar diameter, no. of branches/plant, no. of leaves/plant and leaf area. Sandy clay loam soil showed good response than sandy loam soil for all morphological characters

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Degradation of oxyfluorfen in sandy clay loam soil

International Journal of Chemical Studies ◽

10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6o.10901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1038-1041

Author(s):

C Bharathi ◽

P Murali Arthanari ◽

C Chinnusamy

Keyword(s):

Clay Loam ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Loam Soil

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Comparison of oxidoreductive enzyme activities in three coal tar creosote-contaminated soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr19040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (8) ◽

pp. 814 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽

Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka ◽

Krystyna Cybulska ◽

Barbara Pawłowska ◽

Robert Biczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soils ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Loamy Sand ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Oxidoreductase Activity ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Negative Effect

This study used laboratory experiments to compare the effects of coal tar creosote on the activity of oxidoreductive enzymes in sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. Different amounts of coal tar creosote were added to soil samples as follows: 0 (control), 2, 10 or 50 g kg–1 dry matter. The activity of soil dehydrogenases (DHAs), o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO), catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) and peroxidases (POX) was determined. Contamination of soil with coal tar creosote affected oxidoreductase activity. Oxidoreductive enzyme activity following soil contamination with coal tar creosote was in the following order: DHAs > CAT > NR > POX > o-DPO in loamy sand and in sandy loam; and DHAs > POX > CAT > NR > o-DPO in sandy clay loam. The index of soil oxidoreductive activity (IOx) introduced in this study confirms the negative effect of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductase activity in soil. DHAs were the most sensitive to the contamination of soil with coal tar creosote. Moreover, the greatest changes in oxidoreductase activities were observed in loamy sand. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the effects of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductive processes may enable development of a method for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

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