Amelioration of histological changes and associated metabolic abnormalities by a combination of Morinda lucida and metformin in diabetic rats

This work investigates the ability of Morinda lucida and co-administration of Morinda lucida/metformin in the control of biochemical and histological changes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Alloxan diabetic rats were treated with 200 mg/Kg body weight of Morinda lucida leaves extract, 1 mg/Kg BW of metformin or a combination of the two treatments for 28 days. Results of the studies revealed that Morinda lucida leaves extract significantly improved lipid profile and kidney function in diabetic rats. These positive outcomes were enhanced by combined treated with Morinda lucida leaves extract and metformin. Furthermore, the calculated atherogenic index of treated animals were close to those of normal rats as opposed to diabetic rats. Similarly, histological studies showed that Morinda lucida leaves extract and metformin administered together or singly, ameliorated damages in pancreas and kidneys from alloxan diabetic rats. It can therefore be inferred that combined treatment with Morinda lucida leaves extract and merformin could improve the potency of Morinda lucida leaves used in the management of diabetic complications

In vitro carminative and in vivo antidiarrheal activity of Citrus maxima

In this study, the methanolic extracts of leaves of Citrus maxima were evaluated for their carminative and antidiarrheal activities. By soxhlet method, the methanolic extract of leaves of Citrus maxima was prepared. Carminative activity of methanolic extract was studied in vitro by acid-base titration technique and antidiarrheal activity was studied in rats by castor oil induced diarrhoea method. The phytochemical screening was done using various chemical tests. Alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, anthraquinones, glycosides are confirmed to be present in the leaf. Carminative activity of extract was found significantly less with 5mL, when compared with 10mL extract. The antidiarrheal activity observed in the animals treated with 200mg/kg showed significant activity compared with the animals treated with 100mg/kg. The study revealed that carminative activity and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of C. maxima. May be the extract acts on circular and longitudinal intestinal muscle by inhibiting acetylcholine and prostaglandins, which reduces peristaltic movements and prolongs transmit time, reduces fecal volume, increases viscosity and viscous fluid and electrolyte loss. The compound in the extract causes mild irritation resulting in vasodilation of gastrointestinal muscles, thereby relieving cramping and expels gas

Evaluation of acute oral toxicity of herbal rumenotoric and stomachic

Maintaining optimum digestive functions is crucial for achieving health and profitability in livestock enterprises. However, the efficiency of these functions is upset by common problems such as indigestion, anorexia, flatulence, ruminal stasis and impaction. Pachoplus™ (M/s Ayurvet Limited, India) is a polyherbal rumenotoric, carminative and stomachic that helps to achieve and restore optimum digestive functions in livestock. A study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of Pachoplus™ to elicit acute oral toxicity as per OECD 423 guidelines. Nine non-pregnant, nulliparous, adult female Swiss albino mice were used for the study. The animals were observed for the manifestation of toxic effects and mortality after the oral administration of the test substance. Toxicity was evaluated on the basis of changes in body weight, overt signs of toxicity, gross and histological appearances of vital organs, and blood biochemistry. Pachoplus™ was found safe for oral use as no toxic effects or mortalities were observed till day 14

Safety Assessment of TGT Primaage using Wistar Rats through Oral Gavage Administration

TGT Primaage is one of the astonishing extracts, obtained from a combination of Moringa oleifera and Centella asiatica. At present, there is no finding reported regardin g the repeated exposure of this extract. This study investigates the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and effects of repeated-dose administration of Astragalin and Isoquercetin (components of interest) present in TGT Primaage on Wistar rats. Rats were divided into 3 treatment and a control group (10 rats/sex/group). To assess reversibility, persistence, or delayed effect, additional control and high dose groups were treated similarly and observed further without any treatment. TGT Primaage was administered orally, through gavage for 90 days, at 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. No mortality, morbidity, and clinical sign of toxicity was observed. Abnormality related to neurological and functional parameters was not seen. No change in body weight and food consumption was observed. Treatment did not lead to any adverse effect in clinical pathology parameters and organ weights. TGT Primaage did not alter morphological and histopathological characteristics of organs. From these results, it is evident that TGT Primaage appears to be safe and devoid of any toxicity. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of TGT Primaage for both sexes were found to be 1000 mg/kg body weight/day

Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of Rhinacanthus nasutus

Rhinacanthus nasutus (Nagamalli) is a small slender shrub widely distributed in India, South East Asia and China. This herb is being used for treating snake bite by irula tribes in the remote villages of Nilagiri hills. The plant possesses a wide spectrum of phytochemical substances. The current study is aimed at measuring the qualitative phytochemistry of Rhinacanthus nasutus cultivated at herbal garden of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu. The results suggest that the leaves and root of Rhinacanthus nasutus are potential sources for healthy phytochemicals especially alkaloids and phenols

Pistacia integerrima (Shringi)- A Plant with Significant Pharmacological Activities

Pistacia integerrima is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Anacardiacea. It is commonly called as Crab’s claw in English and Shani/Shringi in Hindi. It is a single-stemmed, dioecious tree widely distributed in countries like Nepal, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, North-west and West Himalayas. The plant has significant applications in the traditional systems of medications such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. In addition, the plant is also used in many folkloric cultures around the world to treat a vast array of human ailments such as diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, vomiting, skin diseases, respiratory ailments and psoriasis appetizer, hepatitis and liver related disorders. The characteristic feature of the plant is its essential oil content comprised of many important phytochemical constituents such as alpha-pinene, camphene, di-limonene, 1:8-cineol, caprylic acid, alpha-terpineol and aromadendrene. However, the plant contains many other important secondary metabolites such as steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols which are associated with important pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, anti-cancer, antidiarrhoeal, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant. The aim of the present study is to summarize the recent pharmacological activities of Pistacia integerrima along with its utilization in traditional medication systems

Evaluation of concurrent exposure of lower concentrations of lead and endosulfan on apoptosis by scatter pattern of flow cytometry

The effect of repeated exposure of lower doses of lead and endosulfan were evaluated on apoptosis in male wistar rats. Rats of group I served as untreated control. Group II received drinking water with lead as lead acetate @100 ppm (Pb100). Group III was given feed containing technical grade endosulfan @ 10 ppm (E10). Group IV was exposed to Pb (100) +E (10). Splenocytes were analysed for estimating apoptotic percentage in rats. The results suggest that apoptotic percentage was not changed in the lower doses of endosulfan and lead when administered alone and also in combination in the present study

Comparative study on the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Diphasia klaineana stems at pre-flowering and fruit set

The phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Diphasia klaineana at different developmental stages (pre-flowering and fruit set) were reported. The essential oils were extracted by continuous hydro distillation and their antibacterial activities were tested against Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 25923. The yield of oil (w/w %) of stems in different stages was in the order: pre-flowering (0.21 %) > fruit set (0.07 %). GC and GC/MS were analyzed the essential oils composition. In total, 35 and 34 constituents were identified and quantified in the mentioned samples, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in the stems during preflowering (42.40 %) and fruit set (56.15 %). Major compounds at pre-flowering were β-elemol, sabinene, guaiol and terpinen-4-ol. The antibacterial effect of essential oils was estimated by the disk diffusion method using Müller–Hinton agar and the measurement of diameters of inhibition zones. The bioassay results showed some variations between the two tested oils in their inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria at 10 µL. The essential oils from Diphasia klaineana stems at pre-flowering exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 25923, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25 mg/mL, while the stems essential oil at fruit set had no activity

Areca catechu L. (Chikni Supari): A Review Based Upon its Ayurvedic and Pharmacological Properties

Areca catechu belongs to the family Palmae and is commonly known by different names such as chikni supari, areca nut and betel nut. The fruit of this plant is called the areca nut, which carries significant medicinal properties. This plant is also mentioned in various ancient Sanskrit scriptures. The plant is mainly used for chewing and religious purposes of the Hindus of India. India is the largest consumer and producer of areca nut globally, which produces about 52% of the world production. Medicinally, the plant is used to treat leucoderma, diarrhea, anaemia, obesity, leprosy etc. In Ayurveda, the plant is astringent, diuretic, digestion-promoting, stimulant, wound healing and laxative agent. The plant is associated with various therapeutic and pharmacological potentials, including wound healing, antidepressant, antihelmintic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antiallergic, antifungal and antimicrobial properties. However, this plant is considered as carcinogenic as it can cause mouth cancer. In this review article, attempts have been made to summarize the phytochemistry, folk uses and ayurvedic uses along with its pharmacological activities

In vitro antibacterial activity of extracts of Dalbergia sissoo and Aegle marmelos against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from calves

Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaned dairy calves, causing huge economic and productivity losses to dairy industry worldwide. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is one of the important causes of neonatal diarrhoea and high mortality in very young calves. Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) leaves and Bael (Aegle marmelous) unripe fruit have been used in diarrhoea and dysentery with very good results. Hence the present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the aqueous and methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo and Aegle marmelos against 16 E. coli isolated from colibacillosis affected diarrhoeic calves in Bikaner district of Rajasthan. The average zones of inhibitions of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos and methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo against E. coli were 23.75±0.34 mm, 18.75±0.32 mm, 16.5±0.24 mm, 11.58 ±0.14 mm and 7.88±0.24 mm at concentrations of 1000 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml 125 mg/ml and 62.5 mg/ml, respectively. The average zones of inhibition of aqueous extract of Dalbergia sissoo and methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos against E. coli were 24.75±0.20 mm, 19.87±0.34 mm, 17.25±0.24mm, 12.86±0.13 mm and 8.50±0.14 mm at concentrations of 1000 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml 125 mg/ml and 62.5 mg/ml, respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition was reported by aqueous extract of Dalbergia sissoo and methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos (>24 mm of diameter) at concentration of 1000 mg/ml. Based on average zone of inhibition, the in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Dalbergia sissoo and methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos was found to be more against E. coli as compared to aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos and methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo at varying concentrations. In conclusion, both combination of aqueous and methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo and Aegle marmelos showed in vitro antibacterial properties against E. coli