Effect of Commonly used Turfgrass Herbicides on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Root Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel ◽  
G. Euel Coats
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

Experiments were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to determine bioavailability of PRE herbicides at three soil profile depths and two soil types in established common bermudagrass sods. Prodiamine and oryzalin reduced ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass root growth in the 5- to 7.5-cm layer of a Bosket very fine sandy loam soil at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in 1991. These herbicides decreased bermudagrass root weight in both the Bosket and Marietta sandy clay loam both years in samples taken from the 2.5- to 5-cm depth layer. In the 0- to 2.5-cm soil layer, all herbicides reduced root weight in 1990. In a bioassay, prodiamine caused decreased Tifgreen bermudagrass root growth at concentrations as low as 4 ppb by wt in the very fine sandy loam soil, while 8 ppb was necessary in the sandy clay loam soil. Prodiamine was detected in the very fine sandy loam at 4 wk after treatment at all depths in 1991 (65, 45, and 39 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively). Oryzalin was also detected at all depths in 1991 when sampled at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in the very fine sandy loam. Pendimethalin was present in concentrations of 38, 39, and 37 ppb in the sandy clay loam at 2 wk after treatment in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and the 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively. Pendimethalin was also detected in the very fine sandy loam at 2 wk after treatment at concentrations of 55, 69, and 36 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively.

Leaching and mobility of carbofuran from granular and alginate controlled release formulations

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. MAREI ◽  
H. R. SOLTAN ◽  
A. MOUSA ◽  
A. KHAMIS
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Flooded Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Controlled Release Formulations ◽  
Loam Soil

Controlled release (CR) formulations can significantly influence the fate of carbofuran in the environment. The influence of three alginate-encapsulated CR formulations compared with the granular formulation (G10%) on the mobility of carbofuran in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil was investigated. In flooded soil the leaching potential of the three alginate controlled release formulations tested was decreased more than nine times (not more than 3%) compared with the G10% (28%). Most of the released carbofuran was confined to the top 0–5 cm of the soil column followed by the second 5–10 cm layer and the least was found in the fourth section (15–20 cm). The data obtained for a sandy loam soil irrigated by drip irrigation showed that the greatest proportion of carbofuran leached through the columns was from the G10% (52%) compared with 3–4% from CR formulations over a 30-day period. The carbofuran concentrations found in different soil depths showed similar trends to those for the flooded soil. Based on the residue levels recorded within the 20 cm depth, the relative retention ratio of carbofuran in sandy clay loam versus sandy loam soil was 1·2[ratio ]1 for the controlled release formulations and 1·9[ratio ]1 for the G10%.

Acetylene reduction by non-symbiotic bacteria in artificial soil aggregates amended with glucose

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. Mayfield ◽  
R. L. Aldworth
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Artificial Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Activity

The C2H2-reduction assay was used to study the activity of non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in glucose-amended artificial soil aggregates prepared from a sandy clay loam and a sandy loam soil. Anaerobic incubation under nitrogen resulted in significantly higher rates and greater total quantities of C2H2 reduction than did incubation in air. In the sandy clay loam soil activity under both incubation conditions was due to anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria, whereas in the sandy loam soil aerobic N2-fixing bacteria also proliferated in the aggregates. Direct observation of sectioned aggregates by fluorescence microscopy showed that peripheral zone 1 mm thick sup ported the growth of aerobic microorganisms. The anaerobic microsites in the interior of the aggregates were well protected since disruption procedures involving vigorous shaking with aerated water were required to allow O2 to penetrate and inhibit the anaerobic activity.

scholarly journals Suitability of Rice Transplanters and Weeders in Different Soil Types

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
S. Vallal Kannan ◽  
A. Veeramani ◽  
M. Hemalatha ◽  
S. Elamathi ◽  
C. Umamageswari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Field Efficiency

Aim: To evaluate the performance of existing models of rice transplanters in different soil types, to evaluate the performance of existing models of power weeder in different soil types, and to reduce the cost of cultivation and enhance the rice production and profitability. Study design: Strip plot design with different soil types as main-plot treatments(3),existing models of rice transplanter(5)  as sub-plot treatment and existing models of power weeder(3) as sub-sub-plot treatments. Place and duration: Experiments were conducted in six locations of delta zones  of Tamil Nadu representing three soil types’ viz., sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and clay loam during samba season(2019 & 2020) with  the medium duration rice variety ‘TKM 13. Methodology: Transplanter machine related parameters of actual field efficiency, theoretical capacity and field efficiency and  weeder  machine related parameters of field capacity and field efficiency and weed control efficiency was observed in different soil types. Suitability of transplanter and weeder combination on rice growth and yield parameters and yield, reduction of cost of cultivation and increase in net return and net income were observed and calculated. Results: Among growth and yield parameters, the 6 row yanmar transplanter along with conoweeding combination were recorded higher tillers and productive tillers (16.28 &20.65/hill), number of filled grains (113&145/panicle) seed yield (5922 &5733kg/ha) respectively in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil.  Similarly, higher net return(Rs.70195/ha& Rs.55343/ha)) and BCR(2.62& BCR(2.28) in sandy clay loam  and  sandy loam soil respectively. Furthermore, they achieved additional grain yield of 1769 kg/ha and 1873 kg/ha with the additional net profit of Rs.37027/ha& Rs.34813/ha in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil respectively. Yanmar 8 row transplanter along with single row power weeder combination were recorded higher productive tillers (15.25/hill), filled grains(122/panicle)  and seed yield (5506 kg/ha)  with higher net return (Rs.58175/ha) and BCR(2.32) in clay  loam soil. Furthermore, they achieved with an additional grain yield of 1121 kg/ha with additional net profit of Rs.24618/ha and net income change of Rs.24618/ha  in clay loam soil compared to farmers practice. Conclusion: Cultivation of rice by using 6 row yanmar transplanter and weeding by cono weeder along with agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil.  Cultivation of rice by using 8 row Yanmar transplanter for transplanting and single row power weeder for weeding operation along with recommended agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in clay loam soil.

scholarly journals S-index and soybean root growth in different soil textural classes

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
Pedro D. de Oliveira ◽  
Michel K. Sato ◽  
Sueli Rodrigues ◽  
Herdjania V. de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Limiting Values

ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that the limiting values of S-index, proposed in the literature can not be used to determine the degradation condition of soils under soybean cultivation in the state of Pará, Brazil. The objective was to determine limiting values of S-index using soil physical attributes and validate it with soybean root growth, in soils with different textural classes. For the experimental design, the following treatments were established: five compaction levels for sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils and three levels for clayey and very clayey soils. The following physical parameters were analysed: particle-size distribution, soil bulk density, critical soil bulk density, degree of compaction, soil-water retention curve, S-index and relative root length of soybean. The limiting values of S-index varied according to soil textural class and were equal to 0.037, 0.020 and 0.056 for sandy loam, sandy clay loam and clay, respectively. The S-index does not apply to soils with clay content > 71%, because it does not vary with the degree of compaction of the soil or the root growth of the evaluated crop.

Dissipation and Leaching of Pyroxasulfone andS-Metolachlor

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Westra ◽  
Dale L. Shaner ◽  
Philip H. Westra ◽  
Phillip L. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

Pyroxasulfone dissipation and mobility in the soil was evaluated and compared toS-metolachlor in 2009 and 2010 at two field sites in northern Colorado, on a Nunn fine clay loam, and Olney fine sandy loam soil. Pyroxasulfone dissipation half-life (DT50) values varied from 47 to 134 d, and those ofS-metolachlor ranged from 39 to 63 d. Between years, herbicide DT50values were similar under the Nunn fine clay loam soil. Under the Olney fine sandy loam soil, dissipation in 2009 was minimal under dry soil conditions. In 2010, under the Olney fine sandy loam soil,S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone had half-lives of 39 and 47 d, respectively, but dissipation rates appeared to be influenced by movement of herbicides below 30 cm. Herbicide mobility was dependent on site-year conditions, in all site-years pyroxasulfone moved further downward in the soil profile compared toS-metolachlor.

Persistence of Preemergence Applications of Chlorsulfuron, Metsulfuron, Triasulfuron, and Tribenuron in Three Soils in Greece

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kotoula-Syka ◽  
Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos ◽  
Athanasios A. Gagianas ◽  
Achilleas G. Sficas
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

A pot bioassay, based on root growth of pregerminated corn, was used to evaluate factors influencing field persistence of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron, which were applied preemergence at 0, 10, 20, and 40 g ai ha−1to wheat grown in three soils that differed in texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam) and pH (7.9, 4.7, and 7.6). Residual activity and leaching of all herbicides in all soils increased with increasing rate of application, with the exception of tribenuron which showed practically no residual activity and leaching in sandy clay loam soil. Sunflower sown 4 mo after tribenuron application in all soils was not injured by any rate used but was significantly affected by the other herbicides. Lentil and sugarbeet also were affected by all herbicides in all soils. These three crops sown 8 mo after herbicide application were not affected by any herbicide used in the sandy clay loam soil but were injured by chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, and metsulfuron in the sandy loam soil. Only lentil and sugarbeet were injured by chlorsulfuron in the silty clay loam soil.

Soil compaction effects on Pinustaeda establishment from seed and early growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Tuttle ◽  
M. S. Golden ◽  
R. S. Meldahl
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Shoot Weight

Soil bulk density was related to loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedling establishment and growth during the first 28 weeks after sowing. Seedling heights were lower when bulk densities exceeded 1.3 Mg m−3 on a sandy clay loam and 1.4 Mg m−3 on a loamy sand. Heights were also lower for bulk densities below 1.2 Mg m−3 on the sandy clay loam soil. Seedling depth of rooting, root weight, and shoot weight were reduced at high bulk densities on both a sandy clay loam and a loamy sand. However, root and shoot weights were also reduced when bulk density fell below 1.3 Mg m−3 on the sandy clay loam. Bulk densities for best seedling growth were 1.3 Mg m−3 for the sandy clay loam and 1.4 Mg m−3 for the loamy sand.

scholarly journals Effect of applied lead on the growth and accumulation of lead in Indian spinach in three textural groups of soils

2013 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
MG Kibria ◽  
KT Osman ◽  
M Islam ◽  
MJ Ahammad
Keyword(s):  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Different Levels

Indian spinach (Basella rubra L.) was grown in earthen pots containing soils of three different textures and treated with different levels of lead. The effects of Pb treatments on growth and uptake of Pb were investigated. At the highest dose of Pb ( 50 mg Pb kg-1 soil) leaf, stem and root dry weight of Indian spinach were reduced by 22-34, 11- 43 and 30-47 %, respectively from control in clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil, respectively. Lead concentration in leaf, stem and root generally increased with increasing rate of Pb application. The highest Pb concentrations in leaf, stem and root were obtained at 50 mg Pb kg-1 soil treatment and the values were in the ranges from 49.28 to 65.40, 57.72 to 77.51 and 46.69 to 71.78 mg kg-1, respectively. Bioaccumulation coefficients of Pb in leaf, stem and root of Indian spinach were in the ranges of 0.63- 1.94, 0.82-2.21 and 0.37-1.09, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13377 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):113-124, 2010

Response of Cotton to Cultivation

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Buchanan ◽  
A.E. Hiltbold
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Loam Soil

Yields of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) did not differ with various cultivation practices on two soils in Alabama over a 3 to 5-yr period. Cultivation treatments resulted in cotton yields equivalent to but not greater than those resulting from weed removal without soil stirring. However, lack of any weed control resulted in more than 90% yield reduction on Decatur clay loam soil based on a 5-yr average and 95% yield reduction on Hartsells fine sandy loam soil, based on a 3-yr average.

scholarly journals Study on performance of poplar clones in relation to soil condition and growth regulator application in nursery

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352
Author(s):  
Lakhwinder Singh ◽  
◽  
Dr. Avtar Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Poplar Clones ◽  
Loam Soil

The experiment was conducted to investigate the response of two types of soils (Sandy loam and Sandy clay loam) and foliar application of growth regulator i.e. Triacontanol at three levels (0ppm, 3ppm, 5ppm on nine poplar clones (PL-1 to PL-7, L-47/88 and L-48/89) at nursery stage, at experimental area of department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Various attributes like growth characteristics, physiological parameters and nutrient content in leaves were recorded at different interval of growth. The results of the study revealed that Triacontanol showed non-significant and soil types showed significant results for morphological characters viz. Plant height, collar diameter, no. of branches/plant, no. of leaves/plant and leaf area. Sandy clay loam soil showed good response than sandy loam soil for all morphological characters

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