Carbon source dependent differences in the composition of the cell walls of the basidiomycete Picnoporus cinnabarinus

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1313-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Cury ◽  
Déa Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Enzymatic Analysis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Monokaryotic Strain ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Isolated Cell

A wild-type monokaryotic strain of Picnoporus cinnabarinus grown on glucose produced shorter and thicker hyphae than cultures grown on acetate. Colonies from glucose media were smaller and more compact than acetate-grown colonies. Chemical and enzymatic analysis of the isolated cell wall of both morphological types showed that the amount of amino sugars and the ratio glucosamine:galactosamine were higher in the acetate-grown cells. This may be the cause of morphological differences observed.

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

scholarly journals STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGES OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Phage Antibody ◽  
Group A ◽  
Phage Receptor ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid Capsule ◽  
Isolated Cell

The host ranges of bacteriophages for group A, types 1, 6, 12, and 25 and group C streptococci have been determined. The findings indicate that the susceptibility to these phages is primarily a group-specific phenomenon, although it is modified by several factors such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, lysogeny, and possibly the presence of surface proteins. Phage antibody studies indicate that while the group A phages are antigenically related, they are distinct from the group C phage. This is in agreement with the observation that group A phages are not specific for their homologous streptococcal types. The purified group C carbohydrate inactivates group C phage but not the group A phages, thus suggesting that the carbohydrate, a component of the cell wall, may serve as the phage receptor site. It has not been possible to inactivate the group A phages with group A carbohydrate. Phage lysis of groups A and C streptococci is accompanied by fragmentation of the cell wall since the C carbohydrate has been identified serologically and chemically in the supernate of centrifuged lysates. The immediate lysis of groups A and C hemolytic streptococci and their isolated cell walls by an accesory heat-labile lytic factor in fresh group C lysates is also described.

scholarly journals Ionic Relations of Cells of Ohara Australis I. Ion Exchange in the Cell Wall

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Dainty ◽  
AB Hope
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Donnan Free Space ◽  
Isolated Cell

Measurements of ion exchange were made between isolated cell walls of Ohara australis and an external solution. Comparison between intact cells and cell walls showed that nearly all the easily exchangeable cations are located in the cell wall. The wall is hown to consist of "water free space" (W.F.S.) and "Donnan free space" (D.F.S.); the concentration of in diffusible anions in the D.F.S. is about O� 6 equivjl. This finding is contrary to past suggestions that the D.F.S. is in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

A relationship between cell wall composition and mutant morphology in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiu-Sheng Wang ◽  
Marvin N. Schwalb ◽  
Philip G. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Morphological Mutants ◽  
Mutant Forms ◽  
Isolated Cell

Mechanically isolated cell walls of normal homokaryons and the morphological mutants thin and puff were fractionated and hydrolyzed by chemical procedures. The yields of fractionated materials and the glucose/hexosamine ratios of acid hydrolysates were determined. Results of statistical analyses of the values obtained from these determinations indicated that single-gene mutations causing the thin and puff mutant forms of this fungus produce specific differences in the composition of cell walls.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF L FORMS AND PROTOPLASTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Freimer ◽  
Richard M. Krause ◽  
Maclyn McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell ◽  
Streptococcal Strain

L forms of Group A streptococci have been isolated by the use of penicillin gradient agar plates. Osmotically fragile protoplasts of Group A streptococci have been obtained by the use of Group C phage-associated lysin which lyses Group A streptococci and their isolated cell walls. Membranes surrounding these enzymatically derived protoplasts have been isolated, and chemical and immunological studies indicate that they are free of cell wall carbohydrate and M protein. The streptococcal protoplasts reproduce as colonies which are morphologically indistinguishable from streptococcal L forms. Evidence is presented to show that these two streptococcal derivatives are serologically and physiologically related to each other as well as to the parent streptococcal strain from which they were isolated.

The fate of acetyl groups and sugar components during the digestion of grass cell walls in sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jane Morris ◽  
J. S. D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall Preparation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Isolated Cell

SummaryThe digestibilities of grass cell wall constituents determined in a digestion trial were compared with those obtained by suspending various isolated cell wall preparations in nylon bags in the rumen of a sheep. Particular attention was paid to acetyl groups and to individual sugars, which were determined in both cases by gas liquid chromatography.For dried grass and hay in the digestion trial the cell wall constituents showed digestibilities decreasing in the following order: arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, acetyl, lignin.For a leaf cell wall preparation derived from all cell types except mesophyll, the nylon bag technique allowed the same order of digestibilities; rhamnose and uronic acids were also measured and found to be rapidly digested. Mesophyll cell walls placed in nylon bags were more readily digested than non-mesophyll. All the sugars, and also acetyl groups, were digested to the same extent.In a grass cell wall preparation isolated from sheep faeces, tested similarly, xylose and glucose were digested to the same extent, but acetyl groups were less digested.Removal of acetyl groups, using sodium ethoxide, which left the sugar composition and lignin content unchanged, increased the digestibility particularly of the cell walls from faeces.The results are discussed with reference to the relationship between cell wall composition and digestibility.

scholarly journals The unusual cell wall of the Lyme disease spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi is shaped by a tick sugar

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1583-1592
Author(s):  
Tanner G. DeHart ◽  
Mara R. Kushelman ◽  
Sherry B. Hildreth ◽  
Richard F. Helm ◽  
Brandon L. Jutras
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tick Vector ◽  
Cell Wall Alteration ◽  
Main Component

AbstractPeptidoglycan—a mesh sac of glycans that are linked by peptides—is the main component of bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan provides structural strength, protects cells from osmotic pressure and contributes to shape. All bacterial glycans are repeating disaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) β-(1–4)-linked to N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-borne Lyme disease pathogen, produces glycan chains in which MurNAc is occasionally replaced with an unknown sugar. Nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy and genetic analyses show that B. burgdorferi produces glycans that contain GlcNAc–GlcNAc. This unusual disaccharide is chitobiose, a component of its chitinous tick vector. Mutant bacteria that are auxotrophic for chitobiose have altered morphology, reduced motility and cell envelope defects that probably result from producing peptidoglycan that is stiffer than that in wild-type bacteria. We propose that the peptidoglycan of B. burgdorferi probably evolved by adaptation to obligate parasitization of a tick vector, resulting in a biophysical cell-wall alteration to withstand the atypical torque associated with twisting motility.

scholarly journals Mobility Limitations of Bound Polygalacturonase in Isolated Cell Wall from Tomato Pericarp Tissue

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Rushing ◽  
Donald J. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Active Cell ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Mobility Limitations ◽  
No Release ◽  
Autolytic Activity ◽  
Isolated Cell

Enzymically active cell wall isolated from mature-green and ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. `Rutgers') fruit was employed to investigate the mobility of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15). Cell walls from mature-green `Rutgers' fruit or from the ripening mutant rin, which alone exhibits little or no release of pectin, were unaffected by the addition of enzymically active cell wall from ripening `Rutgers' fruit, indicating that PG is either not transferred at all or is not transferred to sites of pectin hydrolysis. The quantity of pectin released by the addition of soluble PG to enzymically active wall depended on the quantity of enzyme added. Similar data were obtained using purified PG2. Pectin solubilization from all wall isolates exhibiting enzymically mediated pectin release diminished with time; however, transfer to fresh buffer initiated a resumption of autolytic activity, indicating that an inhibitor is released during the course of pectin hydrolysis.

scholarly journals Cytokinesis in fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana p60-katanin Mutant: Defects in Cell Plate/Daughter Wall Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panteris ◽  
Anna Kouskouveli ◽  
Dimitris Pappas ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
In The Wild

Cytokinesis is accomplished in higher plants by the phragmoplast, creating and conducting the cell plate, to separate daughter nuclei by a new cell wall. The microtubule-severing enzyme p60-katanin plays an important role in the centrifugal expansion and timely disappearance of phragmoplast microtubules. Consequently, aberrant structure and delayed expansion rate of the phragmoplast occur in p60-katanin mutants. Here, the consequences of p60-katanin malfunction in cell plate/daughter wall formation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while deviations in the chemical composition of cell plate/new cell wall were identified by immunolabeling and confocal microscopy, in root cells of the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana mutant. It was found that, apart from defective phragmoplast microtubule organization, cell plates/new cell walls appeared also faulty in structure, being unevenly thick and perforated by large gaps. In addition, demethylesterified homogalacturonans were prematurely present in fra2 cell plates, while callose content was significantly lower than in the wild-type. Furthermore, KNOLLE syntaxin disappeared from newly formed cell walls in fra2 earlier than in the wild-type. Taken together, these observations indicate that delayed cytokinesis, due to faulty phragmoplast organization and expansion, results in a loss of synchronization between cell plate growth and its chemical maturation.

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