THE CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CAROTID AND TIBIAL BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE TURKEY

The cardiac output of untreated mature male Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) turkeys was determined by an isotope dilution technique using radioactive phosphorus (P32). A Geiger–Mueller tube was connected to a rate meter which in turn was connected to a moving graph to continuously record the indicator concentration, thus obtaining the initial dilution curve. Posterior tibial and common carotid arterial blood pressures were measured directly and were recorded simultaneously with the cardiac output determinations by means of two strain gauges connected to a recording polygraph.From the cardiovascular measurements systemic resistance was calculated. The mean cardiac output of the mature male BBB turkey was 231 ml per kg body weight0.734 per minute. The mean carotid hemodynamic parameters were: systolic BP, 302 mm Hg; diastolic BP, 204 mm Hg; and pulse pressure, 98 mm Hg. Heart rate was 149 beats per minute. The mean tibial hemodynamic parameters were; systolic BP, 286 mm Hg; diastolic BP, 200 mm Hg; and pulse pressure, 85 mm Hg. The mean systemic resistance units were 0.17 and 0.16 for carotid and tibial arteries respectively on a bird basis and 1.13 and 1.08 respectively per kg body weight0.734.

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HAEMODYNAMIC CHANGES AND ADRENAL FUNCTION IN MAN DURING INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0440430 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 430-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

B. Arner ◽

P. Hedner ◽

T. Karlefors ◽

H. Westling

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Peripheral Vascular ◽

Adrenocortical Activity ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Haemodynamic Changes ◽

The Mean ◽

Temporary Rise ◽

Catechol Amines

ABSTRACT Observations were made on healthy volunteers during insulin induced hypoglycaemia (10 cases) and infusion of adrenaline (3 cases) or cortisol (1 case). In all cases a rise in the cardiac output was registered during insulin hypoglycaemia. The mean arterial blood pressure was relatively unchanged and the calculated peripheral vascular resistance decreased in all cases. A temporary rise in plasma corticosteroids was observed. After infusion of adrenaline similar circulatory changes were observed but no rise in plasma corticosteroids was found. Infusion of cortisol caused an increased plasma corticosteroid level but no circulatory changes. It is concluded that liberation of catechol amines and increased adrenocortical activity following hypoglycaemia are not necessarily interdependent.

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The relative roles of external and internal CO2versusH+ in eliciting the cardiorespiratory responses ofSalmo salarandSqualus acanthiasto hypercarbia

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.204.22.3963 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 204 (22) ◽

pp. 3963-3971 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. F. Perry ◽

J. E. McKendry

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Sea Water ◽

Buccal Cavity ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Measured Variable ◽

Cardiorespiratory Responses ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Water Ph ◽

Stimulation Of

SUMMARYFish breathing hypercarbic water encounter externally elevated PCO2 and proton levels ([H+]) and experience an associated internal respiratory acidosis, an elevation of blood PCO2 and [H+]. The objective of the present study was to assess the potential relative contributions of CO2versus H+ in promoting the cardiorespiratory responses of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to hypercarbia and to evaluate the relative contributions of externally versus internally oriented receptors in dogfish.In dogfish, the preferential stimulation of externally oriented branchial chemoreceptors using bolus injections (50 ml kg–1) of CO2-enriched (4 % CO2) sea water into the buccal cavity caused marked cardiorespiratory responses including bradycardia (–4.1±0.9 min–1), a reduction in cardiac output (–3.2±0.6 ml min–1 kg–1), an increase in systemic vascular resistance (+0.3±0.2 mmHg ml min–1 kg–1), arterial hypotension (–1.6±0.2 mmHg) and an increase in breathing amplitude (+0.3±0.09 mmHg) (means ± s.e.m., N=9–11). Similar injections of CO2-free sea water acidified to the corresponding pH of the hypercarbic water (pH 6.3) did not significantly affect any of the measured cardiorespiratory variables (when compared with control injections). To preferentially stimulate putative internal CO2/H+ chemoreceptors, hypercarbic saline (4 % CO2) was injected (2 ml kg–1) into the caudal vein. Apart from an increase in arterial blood pressure caused by volume loading, internally injected CO2 was without effect on any measured variable.In salmon, injection of hypercarbic water into the buccal cavity caused a bradycardia (–13.9±3.8 min–1), a decrease in cardiac output (–5.3±1.2 ml min–1 kg–1), an increase in systemic resistance (0.33±0.08 mmHg ml min–1 kg–1) and increases in breathing frequency (9.7±2.2 min–1) and amplitude (1.2±0.2 mmHg) (means ± s.e.m., N=8–12). Apart from a small increase in breathing amplitude (0.4±0.1 mmHg), these cardiorespiratory responses were not observed after injection of acidified water.These results demonstrate that, in dogfish and salmon, the external chemoreceptors linked to the initiation of cardiorespiratory responses during hypercarbia are predominantly stimulated by the increase in water PCO2 rather than by the accompanying decrease in water pH. Furthermore, in dogfish, the cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia are probably exclusively derived from the stimulation of external CO2 chemoreceptors, with no apparent contribution from internally oriented receptors.

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Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: Experience with Volume Expansion Therapy

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/00006123-198604000-00001 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 397-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bruce I. Tranmer ◽

Cordell E. Gross ◽

Ted S. Keller ◽

Glenn W. Kindt

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Middle Cerebral Artery ◽

Cerebral Artery ◽

Volume Expansion ◽

Artery Occlusion ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Life Styles ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Mca Occlusion ◽

The Mean

Abstract Five consecutive patients with acute neurological deficits after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion were given emergency treatment with colloidal volume expansion. In each case, the diagnosis was confirmed promptly by computed tomography and cerebral angiography. Aggressive volume expansion therapy was started 2 to 18 hours (mean, 11 hr) after the onset of the neurological deficit. The mean colloidal volume used was 920 ml/day for an average of 4 days. During volume expansion, the mean cardiac output increased 57% from 4.6 + 0.6 to 7.2 + 1.9 litres/min (P < 0.05). The mean hematocrit decreased 19% from 46 + 3% to 37 + 4% (P < 0.01). The mean arterial blood pressure remained stable, and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure was maintained at < 15 mm Hg. Three patients improved dramatically with volume expansion therapy and have returned to their previous life-styles. Two patients made partial recoveries and manage at home with nursing care. The three patients who improved dramatically were young (aged <34) and, when compared to the older patients, they had greater increases in cardiac output (67% vs. 19%). No major complications or deaths were attributed to the volume expansion therapy. We propose that intravascular volume expansion and its concomitant augmentation of the cardiovascular dynamics may be effective in the treatment of acute neurological deficits after acute MCA occlusion.

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CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN DOGS TO LARGE INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/o54-031 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 282-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. W. Gowdey ◽

J. D. Hatcher ◽

F. A. Sunahara

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Output ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Cardiovascular Responses ◽

Blood Flows ◽

Gum Acacia ◽

Cardiac Decompensation ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

The Mean ◽

Slow Intravenous Infusion

The effects of a continuous, slow, intravenous infusion of gum acacia solution have been measured in anesthetized dogs. When the volume of the circulation was increased and the hematocrit value reduced, the cardiac output, intracardiac pressures, and peripheral blood flows began to increase. In some experiments these changes continued until sudden cardiac decompensation occurred during which the arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral blood flows were reduced while the mean right auricular and ventricular pressures increased markedly. Analysis of the results indicates that up to the time of the highest cardiac output there is a closer correlation between cardiac output and hematocrit value than between cardiac output and mean right auricular pressure.

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Effect of 71 ATA He-O2 on organ blood flow in the rat

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1369 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 1369-1375 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. Aanderud ◽

J. Onarheim ◽

I. Tyssebotn

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Organ Blood Flow ◽

Arterial Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Constant Rate ◽

The Mean ◽

Leg Muscle ◽

Increased Blood Flow

Cardiac output and organ blood flow to major organs were investigated in awake rats at 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air and at 71 ATA He-O2. Radioactively labeled microspheres [15 +/- 1 (SD) micron] were injected into the left ventricle during constant-rate arterial blood sampling at 1 ATA air and subsequently at 71 ATA He-O2. Intra-arterial blood pressure was continuously recorded. The partial pressure of O2 was kept between 0.4 and 0.6 ATA. The results indicate that the mean blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and organ blood flow are essentially unaltered in the rat at 71 ATA except for increased blood flow to the liver (122%, P less than 0.05), whereas the blood flow to the adrenals, the diaphragm, and the leg muscle fell (P less than 0.05).

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Measurement of Cardiac Output in Rats by 125I Dilution

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y71-144 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 49 (12) ◽

pp. 1019-1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. T. Cotton ◽

F. L. Mugashe ◽

B. L. Gallie ◽

H. Chan ◽

I. H. Koven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Indicator Dilution ◽

Male Rats ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Small Animals ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Single Animal ◽

The Mean ◽

Wistar Male Rats

A simple, rapid, indicator-dilution method of estimating cardiac output in small animals using 125I human serum albumin has been developed. The variation of repeat determinations in a single animal was ±10%. The cardiac output in normotensive 250–350 g Wistar male rats was 217 ± 28 (±S.D.) ml/kg min−1. These results agree with others derived by more tedious methods. After the mean arterial blood pressure was reduced to 50 mm Hg for 60 min by hemorrhage the cardiac output declined to 104 ± 40 ml/kg min−1. With this method it is possible to repeat determinations of cardiac output during shock.

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Changes in Radial Artery Pulse Pressure During a Fluid Challenge Cannot Assess Fluid Responsiveness in Patients With Septic Shock

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1177/0885066617732291 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 149-153

Author(s):

Victor De la Puente-Diaz de Leon ◽

Valente de Jesus Jaramillo-Rocha ◽

Jean-Louis Teboul ◽

Sofia Garcia-Miranda ◽

Bernardo A. Martinez-Guerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Septic Shock ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Radial Artery ◽

Pulse Pressure ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Fluid Challenge ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Paired Student ◽

Before And After

Background: Arterial blood pressure is the most common variable used to assess the response to a fluid challenge in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the change in the radial artery pulse pressure (rPP) to detect the change in cardiac output after a fluid challenge in patients with septic shock. Methods: Prospective observational study including 35 patients with septic shock in which rPP and cardiac output were measured before and after a fluid challenge with 400 mL of crystalloid solution. Cardiac output was measured with intermittent thermodilution technique using a pulmonary artery catheter. Patients were divided between responders (increase >15% of cardiac output after fluid challenge) and nonresponders. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), Pearson correlation coefficient and paired Student t test were used in statistical analysis. Results: Forty-three percent of the patients were fluid responders. The change in rPP could not neither discriminate between responders and nonresponders (AUROC = 0.52; [95% confidence interval: 0.31-0.72] P = .8) nor correlate ( r = .21, P = .1) with the change in cardiac output after the fluid challenge. Conclusions: The change in rPP neither discriminated between fluid responders and nonresponders nor correlated with the change in cardiac output after a fluid challenge. The change in rPP cannot serve as a surrogate of the change in cardiac output to assess the response to a fluid challenge in patients with septic shock.

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Hemodynamic effects of weight reduction in the obese rat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.2.r266 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 247 (2) ◽

pp. R266-R271

Author(s):

D. L. Crandall ◽

B. M. Goldstein ◽

R. A. Gabel ◽

P. Cervoni

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Weight Reduction ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Tissue Blood Flow ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Obese Rats

The effect of defined increments of weight loss on hemodynamics has been investigated in conscious, unrestrained, spontaneously obese rats. Obese rats were subjected to a calorically restricted diet and were used for experimentation on achieving a 10, 20, or 30% reduction in body weight. After monitoring resting blood pressure and heart rate, radioactive microspheres were infused for determination of blood flow distribution. Of 10 organs sample, only heart, liver, kidneys, and 2 adipose tissue depots exhibited significant decreases in weight associated with body weight reduction. Mean arterial blood pressure remained unchanged, while stroke volume, left ventricular work, and cardiac output decreased significantly. Blood flow decreased to kidneys, testes, and adipose tissue through a 30% reduction in body weight, but the fractional distribution of cardiac output decreased only to adipose tissue. Therefore the large decreases in renal and adipose tissue blood flow during weight reduction may contribute to the associated decrease in cardiac output. Of those vascular beds examined, however, both absolute and relative blood flow decreased only to adipose tissue, thus denoting the influence of fat mass on hemodynamics during obesity.

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Cardiovascular Hemodynamics Consequence to Crossed Circulation in the Dog

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.192.2.345 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 192 (2) ◽

pp. 345-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. J. Roberson ◽

Steven M. Horvath

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Carotid Artery ◽

Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Diastolic Pressure ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

The Mean

Twelve experiments were conducted on anesthetized and paired dogs of similar weights subjected to unimpeded, unregulated crossed circulation. Shunts were made between the carotid arteries and external jugular veins and free flow allowed for 60 minutes or longer. Statistically significant changes occurred in the mean femoral arterial blood pressures, carotid shunt blood flow, heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac work, percentage of cardiac output flowing through the shunt and pulmonary systolic and diastolic pressures of one or both animals from their control values. The mean arterial blood pressure remained at control levels for several minutes and then dropped precipitously to hypotensive levels. The lowest mean pressures between 42 and 49 mm Hg occurred within the first 16.5 minutes of the open shunt phase with a gradual return toward control levels. The volume of blood flowing through the shunt was increased initially 250% above the control carotid blood flow, followed by a reduction in flow after 15 minutes; the volume flow at this moment was still double precross circulation levels. A secondary increase in the shunt blood flow occurred throughout the remainder of the open shunt phase. In general, the heart rates and peripheral vascular resistance were slightly elevated during the open shunt phase while cardiac output and work decreased below their control values. A marked and similar increase in the percentage of the cardiac output flowing through the carotid artery was observed in both animals. During the 60 minutes of the recovery period mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and work tended to return to control levels while the carotid artery blood flow and pulmonary systolic and diastolic pressure remained slightly below their control values.

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