Toxicity, Analysis, and Production of Aspergillic Acid and its Analogues

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1311-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Toxicity Analysis

A differential analysis, utilizing the decomposition of 3,6-disubstituted-1-hydroxy-2(1H) pyrazinones (HPYs) by ultraviolet light, was developed to measure low concentrations of total HPYs (aspergillic acid and/or its analogues) in cultures.Two strains of Aspergillus flavus were found to differ in their ability to produce aflatoxins and HPYs on liquid media composed of 2% yeast extract and varying amounts of sucrose. Production of HPYs by both strains was best in the absence of sucrose and production of aflatoxins was best on media containing 10–20% sucrose. The better producer of HPYs was strain PRL 932, but when it was grown on moist seeds of peas, barley, maize, or wheat, it produced only traces of these compounds.In a separate study, two analogues of aspergillic acid were tested for toxicity in mice. The toxicity of a novel analogue, 3-(2-(methylthio)-ethyl)-6-sec-butyl-1-hydroxy-2(1H) pyrazinone, was the same as that of a more common analogue, neoaspergillic acid.

scholarly journals Effect of Pseudomonas moorei KB4 Cells’ Immobilisation on Their Degradation Potential and Tolerance towards Paracetamol

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Robert Surma ◽  
Danuta Wojcieszyńska ◽  
Jagna Karcz ◽  
Urszula Guzik
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Toxicity Analysis ◽  
Immobilised Cells ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Hill

Pseudomonas moorei KB4 is capable of degrading paracetamol, but high concentrations of this drug may cause an accumulation of toxic metabolites. It is known that immobilisation can have a protective effect on bacterial cells; therefore, the toxicity and degradation rate of paracetamol by the immobilised strain KB4 were assessed. Strain KB4 was immobilised on a plant sponge. A toxicity assessment was performed by measuring the concentration of ATP using the colony-forming unit (CFU) method. The kinetic parameters of paracetamol degradation were estimated using the Hill equation. Toxicity analysis showed a protective effect of the carrier at low concentrations of paracetamol. Moreover, a pronounced phenomenon of hormesis was observed in the immobilised systems. The obtained kinetic parameters and the course of the kinetic curves clearly indicate a decrease in the degradation activity of cells after their immobilisation. There was a delay in degradation in the systems with free cells without glucose and immobilised cells with glucose. However, it was demonstrated that the immobilised systems can degrade at least ten succeeding cycles of 20 mg/L paracetamol degradation. The obtained results indicate that the immobilised strain may become a useful tool in the process of paracetamol degradation.

scholarly journals A Novel Niosome-Encapsulated Essential Oil Formulation to Prevent Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Grains During Storage

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
García-Díaz ◽  
Patiño ◽  
Vázquez ◽  
Gil-Serna
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Oil Formulation ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Encapsulation Method

Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize is a major concern for food safety. The use of chemical fungicides is controversial, and it is necessary to develop new effective methods to control Aspergillus flavus growth and, therefore, to avoid the presence of AFs in grains. In this work, we tested in vitro the effect of six essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants. We selected those from Satureja montana and Origanum virens because they show high levels of antifungal and antitoxigenic activity at low concentrations against A. flavus. EOs are highly volatile compounds and we have developed a new niosome-based encapsulation method to extend their shelf life and activity. These new formulations have been successfully applied to reduce fungal growth and AF accumulation in maize grains in a small-scale test, as well as placing the maize into polypropylene woven bags to simulate common storage conditions. In this latter case, the antifungal properties lasted up to 75 days after the first application.

Condensation of a supersaturated vapor. V. The nucleating effects of ultraviolet light on vapors containing very low concentrations of o‐tolualdehyde

1981 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1459-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Katz ◽  
Timothy McLaughlin ◽  
F. C. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Supersaturated Vapor ◽  
Low Concentrations

Effects of Potassium Sorbate on Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus1

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 940-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Mycelial Mass ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Growth and aflatoxin production by selected strains of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in the presence of potassium sorbate at 12°C were studied. Potassium sorbate at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% delayed or prevented spore germination and initiation of growth, and slowed growth of these organisms in yeast-extract sucrose broth at 12°C. Increasing concentrations of sorbate caused more variation in the amount of total mycelial growth and generally resulted in a decrease in total mycelial mass. Potassium sorbate also greatly reduced or prevented production of aflatoxin B1 by A. parasiticus and A. flavus for up to 70 d at 12°C. At 0.10 and 0.15% of sorbate, aflatoxin production was essentially eliminated. A 0.05% sorbate, aflatoxin production was greatly decreased in A. flavus over the control, but only slightly decreased in A. parasiticus.

scholarly journals Detection and Quantitation of Aflatoxin for the Diagnosis of Aspergillus flavus

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Rajbhandari Shrestha ◽  
Amin Udhin Mridha
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
P Value ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Immunological Assays ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Aflatoxins are the potent mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, which is hepatotoxic causing hepatocellular carcinoma. A. flavus produces sufficient amount of Aflatoxin B1 under favourable environments. Inhalation of spores and use of Aflatoxin B1, contaminated food by Aspergillus spp., could transfuse the toxins in the blood streams. The presence of these toxins in body fluid can be detected by immunological assays and which provides an effective technique for the diagnosis of the disease caused by A. flavus. Aflatoxins producing strain of A. flavus were screened in Aflatoxin Producing Medium. Production of Aflatoxin B1 by A. flavus was studied in different parameters such as incubation periods, temperatures, pH variations, sucrose concentration in Yeast Extract Sucrose medium and different natural media such as par-boiled rice, corn and groundnuts. The detection of toxins was done by TLC using silica gel (Merk) coated plates and confirmative test was done by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. Presence and quantization was done by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Highest amount of Aflatoxin B1 was reported 68.56 ng/ml by ELISA in synthetic medium (Yeast Extract Sucrose) with 2% sucrose, pH 5.5, on 14th days of incubation, at 28±1°C (p-value 0.05). Similarly, highest amount was recorded in groundnuts (121.20ng/g) by ELISA and (500ng/kg) by TLC methods. ELISA is one of the most efficient methods used for detection and diagnosis of human diseases cause due to exposure of Aflatoxin B1 and A. flavus.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2015 Vol. 3, No. 1: 6-9

Nannocystis exedens: A Potential Biocompetitive Agent against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1030-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIE J. TAYLOR ◽  
FRANCES A. DRAUGHON
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

This study examined the potential for controlling toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus by biological means using a myxobacterium commonly found in soil. The ability of Nannocystis exedens to antagonize A. flavus ATCC 16875, A. flavus ATCC 26946, and A. parasiticus NRRL 3145 was discovered. Cultures of aflatoxigenic fungi were grown on 0.3% Trypticase peptone yeast extract agar for 14 days at 28°C. When N. exedens was grown in close proximity with an aflatoxigenic mold, zones of inhibition (10 to 20 mm) developed between the bacterium and mold colony. A flattening of the mold colony on the sides nearest N. exedens and general stunting of growth of the mold colony were also observed. When N. exedens was added to the center of the cross-streak of a mold colony, lysis of the colony by the bacterium was observed after 24 h. Microscopic observations revealed that N. exedens grew on spores, germinating spores, hyphae, and sclerotia of the molds. These results indicate that N. exedens may be a potential biocontrol agent against A. flavus and A. parasiticus.

Application of NMR Spectroscopy to the Determination of Low Concentrations of Nonradioactive Isotopes in Liquid Media

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Dzhimak ◽  
A. A. Basov ◽  
G. F. Kopytov ◽  
D. V. Kashaev ◽  
M. E. Sokolov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Low Concentrations

scholarly journals Aeration and yeast extract requirements for kojic acid production by Aspergillus flavus link

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 545-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Ariff ◽  
M.S. Salleh ◽  
B. Ghani ◽  
M.A. Hassan ◽  
G. Rusul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Kojic Acid Production

The active constituent in yeast extract for fruit body formation of Lentinula edodes

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1202-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gab-Gyun Shin ◽  
Sadatoshi Meguro ◽  
Shinsaku Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
Fruit Body Formation ◽  
Alkaline Conditions

This investigation attempted to identify the active constituent in yeast extract for fruit body formation of Lentinula edodes. Yeast extract was applied to a Sephadex G-25 column and was divided into five fractions, I to V, on the basis of the peaks of UV absorption. Of the five fractions, fraction II was the most effective for fruit body formation. Fraction II was still effective for fruit body formation at a dilution of 10−2, but its activity was drastically lowered by autoclaving under alkaline conditions. Thiamin, which is well known to exist in yeast extract and to be sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis, was contained in fraction II in a free form at about 85% of the total content. When most of the thiamin was eliminated by passing it through a permtid column or heating it under alkaline conditions, the fruiting activity of fraction II disappeared. The addition of thiamin, instead of fraction II, also caused fruit body formation in the basal peptone–glucose liquid media. Thus, it was concluded that thiamin must be the active substance in fraction II of the yeast extract for fruit body formation of L. edodes.Key words: Lentinula edodes, fruit body formation, yeast extract, thiamin.

scholarly journals Sorption of Zinc by exopolysaccharides produced by liquid media of phytopatogenic fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2312-2317
Author(s):  
JUAN DIEGO VALENZUELA-COBOS ◽  
ANA GRIJALVA-ENDARA
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mycelial Biomass ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Liquid Culture Medium

Phytopathogenic fungi such as: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer were cultivated in three different liquid culture media: LCC (glucose 40 g L-1 , yeast extract 3 g L-1 ), LC2 (glucose 40 g L-1 , yeast extract 3 g L-1 and tryptone peptone 2 g L-1 ) and LC3 (glucose 40 g L-1 , yeast extract 3 g L-1 and tryptone peptone 10 g L-1 ) under pH of 5.5 for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides (EPS). The liquid culture medium (LC3) used in cultivation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the highest production of biomass (15.40 g L-1 ) and exopolysaccharides (3.40 g L-1 ). Exopolysaccharides (EPS) obtained from the liquid culture medium (LC3) of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides presented the highest absorption content of Zinc (56 mg g-1 ). The results presented that the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the greatest biosorbent capacity of Zinc (Zn) using the culture medium with the highest amount of tryptone peptone.

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