Amino Acid Transport in a Water-mould: The Possible Regulatory Roles of Calcium and N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 975-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny P. Singh ◽  
Hérb. B. LéJohn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Water Mould

Transport of amino acids in the water-mould Achlya is an energy-dependent process. Based on competition kinetics and studies involving the influence of pH and temperature on the initial transport rates, it was concluded that the 20 amino acids (L-isomers) commonly found in proteins were transported by more than one, possibly nine, uptake systems. This is similar to the pattern elucidated for some bacteria but unlike those uncovered for all fungi studied to date. The nine different transport systems elucidated are: (i) methionine, (ii) cysteine, (iii) proline, (iv) serine–threonine, (v) aspartic and glutamic acids, (vi) glutamine and asparagine, (vii) glycine and alanine, (viii) histidine, lysine, and arginine, and (ix) phenylalanine–tyrosine–tryptophan and leucine–isoleucine–valine as two overlapping groups. Transport of all of these amino acids was inhibited by azide, cyanide, and its derivatives and 2,4-dinitrophenol. These agents normally interfere with metabolism at the level of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Osmotic shock treatment of the cells released, into the shock fluid, a glycopeptide that binds calcium as well as tryptophan but no other amino acid. The shocked cells are incapable of concentrating amino acids, but remain viable and reacquire this capacity when the glycopeptide is resynthesized.Calcium played more than a secondary role in the transport of the amino acids. When bound to the membrane-localized glycopeptide, it permits concentrative transport to take place. However, excess calcium can inhibit transport which can be overcome by chelating with citrate. Calculations show that the concentration of free citrate is most important. At low citrate concentrations (less than 1 mM) in the absence of exogenously supplied calcium, enhancement of amino acid transport occurs. At high concentrations (greater than 5 mM), citrate inhibits but this effect can be reversed by titrating with calcium. Evidently, the glycopeptide acts as a calcium sink to regulate the concentration of calcium made available to the cell for its membrane activities.N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine (a plant growth 'hormone') and analogues mimic the inhibitory effect of citrate and bind to the glycopeptide as well. Replot data for citrate and N6-(Δ2-isopentyl) adenine inhibition indicate that both agents have no more than one binding constant. These results implicate calcium, glycopeptide, and energy-dependent transport of solutes in some, as yet undefinable, way.

Placental amino acid transport

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. C1321-C1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Moe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Amino Acid Transporters ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Principal Mechanism

Normal fetal growth and development depend on a continuous supply of amino acids from the mother to the fetus. The placenta is responsible for the transfer of amino acids between the two circulations. The human placenta is hemomonochorial, meaning that the maternal and fetal circulations are separated by a single layer of polarized epithelium called the syncytiotrophoblast, which is in direct contact with maternal blood. Transport proteins located in the microvillous and basal membranes of the syncytiotrophoblast are the principal mechanism for transfer from maternal blood to fetal blood. Knowledge of the function and regulation of syncytiotrophoblast amino acid transporters is of great importance in understanding the mechanism of placental transport and potentially improving fetal and newborn outcomes. The development of methods for the isolation of microvillous and basal membrane vesicles from human placenta over the past two decades has contributed greatly to this understanding. Now a primary cultured trophoblast model is available to study amino acid transport and regulation as the cells differentiate. The types of amino acid transporters and their distribution between the syncytiotrophoblast microvillous and basal membranes are somewhat unique compared with other polarized epithelia. These differences may reflect the unusual circumstance of this epithelium that is exposed to blood on both sides. The current state of knowledge as to the types of transport systems present in syncytiotrophoblast, their regulation, and the effects of maternal consumption of drugs on transport are discussed.

Multiple pathways for cationic amino acid transport in rat thyroid epithelial cell line PC Cl3

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. C290-C303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziano Verri ◽  
Cinzia Dimitri ◽  
Sonia Treglia ◽  
Fabio Storelli ◽  
Stefania De Micheli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Cationic Amino Acid ◽  
Rat Thyroid

Information regarding cationic amino acid transport systems in thyroid is limited to Northern blot detection of y+LAT1 mRNA in the mouse. This study investigated cationic amino acid transport in PC cell line clone 3 (PC Cl3 cells), a thyroid follicular cell line derived from a normal Fisher rat retaining many features of normal differentiated follicular thyroid cells. We provide evidence that in PC Cl3 cells plasmalemmal transport of cationic amino acids is Na+ independent and occurs, besides diffusion, with the contribution of high-affinity, carrier-mediated processes. Carrier-mediated transport is via y+, y+L, and b0,+ systems, as assessed by l-arginine uptake and kinetics, inhibition of l-arginine transport by N-ethylmaleimide and neutral amino acids, and l-cystine transport studies. y+L and y+ systems account for the highest transport rate (with y+L > y+) and b0,+ for a residual fraction of the transport. Uptake data correlate to expression of the genes encoding for CAT-1, CAT-2B, 4F2hc, y+LAT1, y+LAT2, rBAT, and b0,+AT, an expression profile that is also shown by the rat thyroid gland. In PC Cl3 cells cationic amino acid uptake is under TSH and/or cAMP control (with transport increasing with increasing TSH concentration), and upregulation of CAT-1, CAT-2B, 4F2hc/y+LAT1, and rBAT/b0,+AT occurs at the mRNA level under TSH stimulation. Our results provide the first description of an expression pattern of cationic amino acid transport systems in thyroid cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that extracellular l-arginine is a crucial requirement for normal PC Cl3 cell growth and that long-term l-arginine deprivation negatively influences CAT-2B expression, as it correlates to reduction of CAT-2B mRNA levels.

Amino acid transport systems in intestinal brush-border membranes from lepidopteran larvae

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (3) ◽  
pp. R494-R500 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Giordana ◽  
V. F. Sacchi ◽  
P. Parenti ◽  
G. M. Hanozet
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Intestinal Brush Border ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae

Experiments with intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles from lepidopteran larvae disclosed the occurrence of unique cotransporter proteins that use K+ as the driver cation for the transmembrane transfer of amino acids across the luminal border of midgut enterocytes. Six apical membrane amino acid transport systems have been identified. These systems are 1) a neutral amino acid transporter with a broad spectrum of interactions with most neutral amino acids, which is highly concentrative, strongly K+- and electrical potential-dependent, poorly stereospecific, and recognizes histidine, but not proline, glycine, or alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB); 2) a specific system for L-proline; 3) a specific system for glycine with a higher affinity for Na+ than for K+; 4) a specific system for L-lysine, which is dependent on membrane potential, is highly sensitive to external K+, and does not interact with L-arginine or neutral amino acids; 5) a specific K+-dependent process for glutamic acid, which does not recognize aspartic acid; and last, 6) an apparently unique K+- driven mechanism for D-alanine, which is potential-dependent and strongly stereospecific.

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES: II. COMPETITION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1591-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Abadom ◽  
P. G. Scholefield
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Brain Cortex Slices ◽  
Cortex Slices

Evidence is presented which indicates that several amino acid transport systems are present in rat brain cortex slices, each with its own specificity with regard to substrate and with regard to amino acids which produce inhibitory effects. The nature of these inhibitory effects may be either direct (competition for a limiting number of sites) or indirect (as they are when glutamate or aspartate cause a decrease in the ATP content).Comparison of the specificities of the glycine transport systems present in rat brain cortex slices and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells indicates that these two systems have little in common and the relation of this finding to the structural requirements necessary for chemotherapeutic activity is discussed.

In vivo muscle amino acid transport involves two distinct processes

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. E136-E141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Miller ◽  
David Chinkes ◽  
David A. MacLean ◽  
Dennis Gore ◽  
Robert R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Rate Limiting

We have tested the hypothesis that transit through the interstitial fluid, rather than across cell membranes, is rate limiting for amino acid uptake from blood into muscle in human subjects. To quantify muscle transmembrane transport of naturally occurring amino acids, we developed a novel 4-pool model that distinguishes between the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. Transport kinetics of phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, and alanine were quantified using tracers labeled with stable isotopes. The results indicate that interstitial fluid is a functional compartment insofar as amino acid kinetics are concerned. In the case of leucine and alanine, transit between blood and interstitial fluid was potentially rate limiting for muscle amino acid uptake and release in the postabsorptive state. For example, in the case of leucine, the rate of transport between blood and interstitial fluid compared with the corresponding rate between interstitial fluid and muscle was 247 ± 36 vs. 610 ± 95 nmol·min−1·100 ml leg−1, respectively ( P < 0.05). Our results are consistent with the process of diffusion governing transit from blood to interstitial fluid without selectivity, and of specific amino acid transport systems with varying degrees of efficiency governing transit from interstitial fluid to muscle. These results imply that changes in factors that affect the transit of amino acids from blood through interstitial fluid, such as muscle blood flow or edema, could play a major role in controlling the rate of muscle amino acid uptake.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Transport into Cultured McCoy Cells Infected with Chlamydia trachomatis

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 5439-5442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Harper ◽  
Christopher I. Pogson ◽  
John H. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Cationic Amino Acids

ABSTRACT Amino acid transport into McCoy cells infected with strains representative of the two major biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis has been studied to determine if uptake is increased during infection. Preliminary work suggested that the transport systems L, A/ASC (for neutral amino acid transport), N (for transport of Asn, Gln, and His) and y+ (for cationic amino acids) were present in McCoy cells. With lymphogranuloma venereum biovar strain 434, little difference in the influx of representative amino acids Trp, His, and Lys or the analogue 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was observed during infection. With trachoma biovar strain DK20, a small increase in the initial entry rate and equilibrium concentration of each amino acid was found. McCoy cells appear to have great capacity for concentrating amino acids, which might obviate the need for transport induction by chlamydiae under conditions favoring the growth of infectious organisms.

Neutral amino acid transport systems of microvillous membrane of human placenta

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. C773-C780 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Johnson ◽  
C. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Independent System ◽  
High Affinity

Placental transport produces concentrations of amino acids in fetal blood greater than those of maternal blood. Competitive inhibition studies of zwitterionic amino acid transport in isolated vesicles from the microvillous (maternal facing) plasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblast defined three transport systems: 1) a sodium-dependent system that supports methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) transport and has the characteristics of an A system; 2) a sodium-independent system with a high affinity for leucine and other amino acids with branched or aromatic side chains; and 3) a sodium-independent system with a preference for alanine as a substrate. The two sodium-independent systems could be further discriminated by marked specificity for trans stimulation with alanine or with leucine. System ASC, known to be present in whole placenta, and the neutral brush-border or imino systems of other polarized epithelia were apparently absent. Kinetic characteristics of the A system make it the probable primary driving force for concentrative transfer of its substrate amino acids to the fetus. Characteristics of the high-affinity leucine system demonstrated that it is saturated by normal serum leucine concentrations. Regulation of either system has the potential to alter placental amino acid uptake and transfer to the fetus.

Amino acid transport in human and in sheep erythrocytes

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1176) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
L System ◽  
Dibasic Amino Acids

Amino acid transport was compared in human and in sheep erythrocytes. Kinetic studies established that human cells have three discrete amino acid transport systems, designated L, Ly + and ASC. The L system is partially stereospecific, with a preference for large neutral amino acids. L-leucine has a threefold lower apparent K m and a twofold smaller V max than D-leucine. Alanine, cysteine and possibly dibasic amino acids are transported by this route, but with a low affinity. The Ly + system is highly stereoselective, and specific for dibasic amino acids, including arginine. The ASC system is Na-dependent and selective for neutral amino acids of intermediate size. It has a particularly low apparent K m for cysteine and is stereospecific. Sheep erythrocytes lack these systems. Instead they possess an additional system (C system) responsible for the transport both of neutral and of dibasic amino acids, with cysteine as the optimal substrate. Although the substrate specificities of the human ASC and sheep C systems are similar, the sheep system does not require Na and has considerably higher apparent K m values. Dibasic amino acid transport (of lysine, but not of arginine) by the C system occurs with a low affinity.

Amino acid transport systems of cultured soybean root cells

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (18) ◽  
pp. 2088-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. King ◽  
Rozina Hirji
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Glycine Max L

The uptake of 1 μM14C-labelled arginine, glutamate, and alanine by cultured soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Mandarin) root cells was followed for periods up to 4 min at pH 5.5 in the presence of a 10 μM concentration of other amino compounds. From the degree of competition between 14C-labelled and unlabelled amino acids a number of uptake systems for basic, acidic, and neutral amino acids were identified, and a number of problems associated with amino acid transport in soybean cells were uncovered.

Evidence that the transport-related proteins BAT and 4F2hc are not specific for amino acids: induction of Na+-dependent uridine and pyruvate transport activity by recombinant BAT and 4F2hc expressed in Xenopus oocytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia YM Yao ◽  
William R Muzyka ◽  
Carol E Cass ◽  
Christopher I Cheeseman ◽  
James D Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Type I ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Cationic Amino Acids

Members of the BAT and 4F2hc gene family have one or, in the case of BAT, up to four transmembane domains and induce amino acid transport systems bo,+ (BAT) and y+L (4F2hc) when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. System bo,+ is a Na+-independent process with a broad tolerance for cationic and zwitterionic amino acids, whereas y+L exhibits Na+-independent transport of cationic amino acids (e.g., lysine) and Na+-dependent transport of zwitterionic amino acids (e.g., leucine). Mutations in the human BAT gene are associated with type I cystinuria, a genetic disease affecting the ability of intestinal and renal brush border membranes to transport cationic amino acids and cystine. An unresolved question is whether BAT and 4F2hc themselves have catalytic (i.e., transporting) activity or whether they operate as activators of other, as yet unidentified, transporter proteins. In this report, we have investigated the transport of representatives of four different classes of organic substrates in Xenopus oocytes following injection with rat BAT or 4F2hc RNA transcripts: leucine (a control amino acid substrate), uridine (a nucleoside), pyruvate (a monocarboxylate), and choline (an amine). Both recombinant proteins induced small, statistically significant Na+-dependent fluxes of uridine and pyruvate but had no effect on choline uptake. In contrast, control oocytes injected with transcripts for conventional nucleoside and cationic amino acid transporters (rat CNT1 and murine CAT1, respectively) showed no induction of transport of either leucine or pyruvate (CNT1) or uridine or pyruvate (CAT1). These findings support the idea that BAT and 4F2hc are transport activators and minimize the possibility that they have intrinsic transport capability. The transport-regulating functions of these proteins may extend to permeants other than amino acids.Key words: amino acid transport, uridine, pyruvate, BAT, 4F2hc, Xenopus oocytes.

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