The energy dependence of the fragmentation parameters and mean free paths of cosmic-ray nuclei with

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S572-S577 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Cleghorn ◽  
P. S. Freier ◽  
C. J. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Nuclear Emulsions ◽  
Nuclear Interactions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Overlap Model

The fragmentation parameters and interaction mean free paths for VH- and H-type cosmic-ray nuclei have been measured as functions of energy in nuclear emulsions. It is found that they are essentially independent of energy over the range from 100 MeV/n to 30 GeV/n. The mean free paths of the secondary nuclei produced in observed interactions also have been measured. With two major exceptions, the values of the mean free paths are found to be consistent with an overlap model for nuclear interactions. The value obtained for the secondary L-type nuclei appears to be significantly shorter than that expected from the model calculations, while that for the primary VH nuclei appears to be significantly longer.

scholarly journals Strangeness Enhancement at LHC Energies Using the Thermal Model and EPOSLHC Event Generator

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Hanafy ◽  
Omnia S. A. Qandil ◽  
Asmaa G. Shalaby
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Event Generator ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Particle Ratios ◽  
Strangeness Enhancement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Agreement

The strangeness enhancement signature of QGP formation at LHC energies is carefully tackled in the present study. Based on HRG, the particle ratios of mainly strange and multistrange particles are studied at energies from lower s ~ 0.001 up to 13 TeV. The strangeness enhancement clearly appeared at more high energies, and the ratios are confronted to the available experimental data. The particle ratios are also studied using the Cosmic Ray Monte Carlo (CRMC) interface model with its two different event generators, namely, EPOS 1.99 and EPOSlhc, which show a good agreement with the model calculations at the whole range of the energy. We utilize them to produce some particles ratios. EPOS 1.99 is used to estimate particle ratios at lower energies from AGS up to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) while EPOSlhc is used at LHC energies. The production of kaons and lambda particles is studied in terms of the mean multiplicity in p-p collisions at energies ranging from 4 to 26 GeV. We find that both HRG model and the used event generators, EPOS 1.99 and EPOSlhc, can describe the particle ratios very well. Additionally, the freeze-out parameters are estimated for different collision systems, such as p-p and Pb-Pb, at LHC energies using both models.

EVAPORATION NEUTRONS FROM COSMIC RAY NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Boron Trifluoride ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Nuclear Interactions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neutron Multiplicities ◽  
Interaction Cross Sections

Production of evaporation neutrons from nuclear interactions by cosmic rays is investigated in C, Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, and Bi. Boron trifluoride counters in a paraffin moderator in which the element under study is placed serve to detect the evaporation neutrons. A cosmic ray telescope allows the consideration of ionizing neutron-producing particles separately and it is found that of the total neutrons 14.6% are produced by ionizing particles. The mean neutron multiplicities are worked out and they show an increase with the two-thirds power of the atomic weight of the element in which the interactions take place. Also, the rate of interactions is calculated and this gives the relative interaction cross-sections which are found to increase slightly more with atomic weight than expected if the cross-section is geometric. An estimate of the intensity of the N-component is made and discussed in connection with measurements published by other authors.

High energy nuclear interactions in lead by cosmic ray protons at 3500 m

1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Giacconi ◽  
A. Lovati ◽  
A. Mura ◽  
C. Succi
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nuclear Interactions

scholarly journals A Novel Lithium Foil Cosmic-Ray Neutron Detector for Measuring Field-Scale Soil Moisture

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Patrignani ◽  
Tyson E. Ochsner ◽  
Benjamin Montag ◽  
Steven Bellinger
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content ◽  
The Mean

During the past decade, cosmic-ray neutron sensing technology has enabled researchers to reveal soil moisture spatial patterns and to estimate landscape-average soil moisture for hydrological and agricultural applications. However, reliance on rare materials such as helium-3 increases the cost of cosmic-ray neutron probes (CRNPs) and limits the adoption of this unique technology beyond the realm of academic research. In this study, we evaluated a novel lower cost CRNP based on moderated ultra-thin lithium-6 foil (Li foil system) technology against a commercially-available CRNP based on BF3 (boron trifluoride, BF-3 system). The study was conducted in a cropped field located in the Konza Prairie Biological Station near Manhattan, Kansas, USA (325 m a.s.l.) from 10 April 2020 to 18 June 2020. During this period the mean atmospheric pressure was 977 kPa, the mean air relative humidity was 70%, and the average volumetric soil water content was 0.277 m3 m−3. Raw fast neutron counts were corrected for atmospheric pressure, atmospheric water vapor, and incoming neutron flux. Calibration of the CRNPs was conducted using four intensive field surveys (n > 120), in combination with continuous observations from an existing array of in situ soil moisture sensors. The time series of uncorrected neutron counts of the Li foil system was highly correlated (r2 = 0.91) to that of the BF-3 system. The Li foil system had an average of 2,250 corrected neutron counts per hour with an uncertainty of 2.25%, values that are specific to the instrument size, detector configuration, and atmospheric conditions. The estimated volumetric water content from the Li foil system had a mean absolute difference of 0.022 m3 m−3 compared to the value from the array of in situ sensors. The new Li foil detector offers a promising lower cost alternative to existing cosmic-ray neutron detection devices used for hectometer-scale soil moisture monitoring.

Anomalous interactions of secondary particles emitted from relativistic heavy primary interactions

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Judek
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Secondary Particles ◽  
Nuclear Interactions ◽  
Charged Secondary ◽  
Singly Charged

Interaction mean free paths of relativistic secondary particles emitted from interactions of heavy primary cosmic-ray nuclei in emulsions were measured. The results show that among the Be, Li, He, and singly charged secondary nuclei there are particles present which interact with a cross section several times higher than the expected geometrical value. The stars produced by these particles have the characteristics of ordinary nuclear interactions. There appears to be no interpretation of these observations in terms of any known particle phenomena.

V. Studies of cosmic ray neutrino interactions in the Kolar Gold Field experiment

1967 ◽  
Vol 301 (1465) ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Standard Rock ◽  
Neutrino Interactions ◽  
Experimental Programme ◽  
Measured Rate ◽  
Deep Underground ◽  
The Mean

Results are presented of an experiment to study the penetrating particles in the cosmic radiation deep underground, at a depth of 7500 m. w. e. (standard rock). The events recorded are attributable, in the main, to muons produced either in the atmosphere or by the interactions of neutrinos in the surrounding rock. The muons have been studied in some detail and it appears that the mean energy of the neutrino induced muons (probably less than about 30 GeV) is low compared with that of the muons of atmospheric origin. The significance of the celestial coordinates of the muons and the measured rate of neutrino- induced muons is discussed and the future experimental programme is indicated.

NEW AMY AND DELPHI MULTIPLICITY DATA AND THE LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1991 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 245-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SZWED ◽  
G. WROCHNA ◽  
A.K. WRÓBLEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Scaling Function ◽  
Average Multiplicity ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Multiplicity Distributions ◽  
The Scaling Function ◽  
Skewness And Kurtosis

Multiplicity distributions for e+e−→ hadrons recently reported by the AMY and DELPHI collaborations are compared with the data obtained at lower energies. It is proven that the new data obey the KNO-G scaling and the scaling function can be described by the lognormal distribution. The dispersions are linear functions of the mean as for the data measured at lower energies and the standardized moments (such as skewness and kurtosis) are independent of the energy. The energy dependence of the average multiplicity is described by <nch>=β sα−1.

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