Spatially Resolved Gain Measurements in a CO2 Amplifier

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 769-777
Author(s):  
A. K. McQuillan ◽  
A. I. Carswell ◽  
K. S. Jammu
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Laser Amplifier ◽  
Mixture Flow ◽  
Spatial Intensity ◽  
Spatially Resolved

Spatially resolved gain measurements at 10.6 μm have been made transverse to the discharge in an axially flowing CO2 laser amplifier. The composition of the amplifier medium has been varied to include initially pure CO2, binary mixtures of CO2:CO, CO2:He, and CO2:N2, and triple mixtures of CO2:N2:He. Strong spatial variations of gain are observed which depend on the gas mixture, flow rate, temperature, pressure, and current. Corresponding spatial intensity profiles of the sidelight emission of CO2 at 4.3 μm are shown.

scholarly journals Structural and surface analysis of chemical vapor deposited boron doped aluminum nitride thin film on aluminum substrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanmugan Subramani ◽  
Mutharasu Devarajan
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Mixture Flow ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Aluminum Substrates

AbstractChemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was conducted for synthesis of boron (B) doped aluminum nitride (B-AlN) thin films on aluminum (Al) substrates. To prevent melting of the Al substrates, film deposition was carried out at 500 °C using tert-buthylamine (tBuNH2) solution delivered through a bubbler as a nitrogen source instead of ammonia gas (NH3). B-AlN thin films were prepared from three precursors at changing process parameters (gas mixture ratio). X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to investigate the structural and surface properties of B-AlN thin films on Al substrates. The prepared thin films were polycrystalline and composed of mixed phases {cubic (1 1 1) and hexagonal (1 0 0)} of AlN and BN with different orientations. Intensive AlN peak of high intensity was observed for the film deposited at a flow rate of the total gas mixture of 25 sccm. As the total gas mixture flow decreased from 60 sccm to 25 sccm, the crystallite size of AlN phase increased and the dislocation density decreased. Reduced surface roughness (10.4 nm) was detected by AFM for B-AlN thin film deposited on Al substrate using the lowest flow rate (25 sccm) of the total gas mixture.

EFFECT OF THE GAS MIXTURE FLOW RATE ON THE PROCESS OF DIAMOND SYNTHESIS FROM A HIGH-VELOCITY MICROWAVE PLASMA

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-827
Author(s):  
A. K. Rebrov ◽  
A. A. Emelyanov ◽  
M. Yu. Plotnikov ◽  
N. I. Timoshenko ◽  
V. V. Terekhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Diamond Synthesis ◽  
Mixture Flow

scholarly journals Comparison of different models to calculate the viscosity of biogas and biomethane in order to accurately measure flow rates for conformity assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Arrhenius ◽  
Oliver Büker
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Conformity Assessment ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Unknown Composition

AbstractThe study presents an optimised method to correct flow rates measured with a LFE flowmeter pre-set on methane while used for gas mixtures of unknown composition at the time of the measurement. The method requires the correction of the flow rate using a factor based on the viscosity of the gas mixtures once the composition is accurately known. The method has several different possible applications inclusive for the sampling of biogas and biomethane onto sorbent tubes for conformity assessment for the determination of siloxanes, terpenes and VOC in general. Five models for the calculation of the viscosity of the gas mixtures were compared and the models were used for ten binary mixtures and four multi-component mixtures. The results of the evaluation of the different models showed that the correction method using the viscosity of the mixtures calculated with the model of Reichenberg and Carr showed the smallest biases for binary mixtures. For multi-component mixtures, the best results were obtained when using the models of Lucas and Carr.

Intelligent gas-mixture flow sensor

1995 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo S.J. Lammerink ◽  
Fred Dijkstra ◽  
Zweitze Houkes ◽  
Joost van Kuijk
Keyword(s):  
Flow Sensor ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Mixture Flow

Energy-dependent nebula extent and spatially resolved spectra of the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58

2020 ◽  
Vol 498 (2) ◽  
pp. 1911-1919
Author(s):  
Fang-Wu Lu ◽  
Quan-Gui Gao ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Brightness ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Photon Index ◽  
Pulsar Wind ◽  
Energy Dependent

ABSTRACT 3C 58 is a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) that shows an interesting energy-dependent nebula extent and spatial variations of the photon index and surface brightness in the X-ray band. These observations provide useful information with which to study the spatially dependent radiative cooling of electrons and the energy-dependent transport mechanisms within the nebula. In this paper, the energy-dependent nebula extent and spatially resolved spectra of this PWN are investigated in the framework of a spatially dependent particle transport model. The observations of the nebula, including the photon spectral energy distribution, spatial variations of the X-ray spectrum, and measurements of the nebula extent, can be naturally explained in this model. Our results show that the energy-dependent nebula extent favours an advection–diffusion scenario with advection-dominated transport, and the variations of the nebula extent with energy in the X-ray band can be attributed to the cooling losses of high-energy electrons affected by synchrotron burn-off. Particle diffusion plays an important role in modifying the spatial variations of the photon index and surface brightness in the X-ray band. The radial extents of the nebula at radio, GeV and TeV energies are predicted by the model, indicating that the nebula extent of 3C 58 varies with energy in these bands. The analyses show that the dependence of the adiabatic cooling rate and synchrotron radiation on the spectral index of injected particles is important for changing the nebula extent at different energies.

The CO2/CH4 gas mixture solubility in ionic liquids [Bmim][Ac], [Bmim][BF4] and their binary mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 105922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fariborz Shaahmadi ◽  
Bahram Hashemi Shahraki ◽  
Asadollah Farhadi
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Gas Mixture
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