Influence of placement method on the cone penetration resistance of hydraulically placed sand fills

The reclamation for the new airport at Chek Lap Kok in Hong Kong included the placement of a substantial volume of sand fill by various hydraulic placement techniques, which resulted in a wide range of as-placed densities of the sand fill. This paper described the use of cone penetration tests (CPT) on the evaluation of the possible ranges of density achievable by various hydraulic placement methods adopted in the construction of the new airport. The results of the CPT indicated that the placement technique is one of the most important factors in controlling the as-placed density of hydraulically placed sand fill. There is a marked contrast in cone tip resistance (and the associated relative density) profiles for the sand fills formed by subaerial and subaqueous placement methods, in which the cone tip resistance of the sand fill formed by subaerial placement is substantially higher than that of the sand fill formed by subaequeous placement. The results confirm that dense sand fill cannot be formed by subaqueous placement methods. The weakest zone is generally located just beneath the water level where fill is placed by subaqueous discharge.Key words: sand, hydraulic fill, cone penetration test, calibration chamber test, in situ density.

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Comparison of Measured and Back Estimated Cone Penetration Resistance of Sand

Volume 4: Ocean Engineering; Offshore Renewable Energy ◽

10.1115/omae2008-57548 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Meen-Wah Gui ◽

Dong-Sheng Jeng

Keyword(s):

Penetration Resistance ◽

Cavity Expansion ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Cone Tip Resistance ◽

Tip Resistance ◽

Cone Penetration Resistance ◽

Expansion Theory ◽

Cavity Expansion Theory ◽

Penetration Tests

The application of cavity expansion theory in the back estimation of cone penetration tests conducted in calibration chambers has been carried out by many researchers. However, the theory is seldom employed by centrifuge modelers. Based on the work of spherical cavity expansion of previous researchers, this study proposed an analytical solution that incorporates the effects of cone geometry and surface roughness and the effect of compressibility to estimate the cone tip resistance. The calculated results are compared with the measured cone penetration resistance of four cone penetration tests performed in the centrifuge. The cone penetration tests were conducted in granular soil specimens having relative densities ranging between 54% and 89%. The comparison demonstrates the capacity of the cavity expansion theory in the prediction of the centrifuge cone penetration resistance.

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Effect of Stress History and Shallow Embedment on Centrifuge Cone Penetration Tests in Sand

Volume 1: Offshore Technology; Offshore Geotechnics ◽

10.1115/omae2019-95393 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anamitra Roy ◽

Shiaohuey Chow ◽

Conleth O’Loughlin ◽

Mark Randolph

Keyword(s):

Silica Sand ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Stress History ◽

Buried Structures ◽

Overconsolidation Ratio ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Cone Tip Resistance ◽

Tip Resistance ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Penetration Tests

Abstract The paper investigates the effect of stress history and shallow embedment on centrifuge cone penetration tests in sand. A series of centrifuge cone penetration tests were performed in loose and dense silica sand at g-levels ranging between 20 and 100 with corresponding overconsolidation ratio (OCR) between 1 and 5. Based on the measured cone tip resistance (qc) profiles, improved empirical correlations have been proposed with depth factors (fD) to impart additional flexibility in accurately back predicting sand relative density (RD) at shallow embedment in normally consolidated (NC) sands. The qc - RD correlations are then extended to capture overconsolidation effects in cone tip resistance, which is broadly consistent with the changes in compressibility and in-situ lateral stresses taking place in sands with increasing OCR levels. The proposed expressions allow accurate quantification of depth corrected CPT profiles in soils of varying overconsolidation ratio, for application in the interpretation of model tests on shallow foundations and anchors and in shallowly buried structures such as pipelines. The expressions also have application for interpretation of field CPT profiles where the thickness of interbedded layers is of similar order of magnitude to the cone diameter.

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Using CPTs to derive thermal properties of soil

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020504005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 205 ◽

pp. 04005

Author(s):

Philip J. Vardon ◽

Joek Peuchen

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Heat Capacity ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Volumetric Heat Capacity ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Penetration Tests ◽

Properties Of Soil

A method of utilizing cone penetration tests (CPTs) is presented which gives continuous profiles of both the in situ thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity, along with the in situ temperature, for the upper tens of meters of the ground. Correlations from standard CPT results (cone resistance, sleeve friction and pore pressure) are utilized for both thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity for saturated soil. These, in conjunction with point-wise thermal conductivity and in situ temperature results using a Thermal CPT (T-CPT), allow accurate continuous profiles to be derived. The CPT-based method is shown via a field investigation supported by laboratory tests to give accurate and robust results.

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Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part II: Clay

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t83-079 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 734-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

P. K. Robertson ◽

R. G. Campanella

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Friction Angle ◽

Companion Paper ◽

Deformation Characteristics ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Cone Penetration Testing ◽

Personal Experiences ◽

Penetration Tests

This paper is the second of two parts and presents a summarized work guide for practicing engineers for interpretation of parameters for undrained conditions during the cone penetration test such as, undrained shear strength, overconsolidation ratio, and deformation characteristics of clay. The advantages, use, and interpretation of the piezometer cone are also discussed. Factors that influence the interpretations are discussed and guidelines provided. The companion paper, Part I: Sand, considers drained conditions during the test and summarizes interpretation of parameters such as relative density, friction angle, and deformation characteristics of sand. The authors' personal experiences and current recommendations are included. Keywords: static cone penetration testing, in-situ, interpretation, shear strength, modulus, stress history, pore pressures, permeability, consolidation.

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Effects of pore-water salinity on soil identification using in situ cone penetration tests

Engineering Geology ◽

10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106252 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106252

Author(s):

Yongfeng Deng ◽

Haochen Xue ◽

Yongxin Wu ◽

Tongwei Zhang ◽

Zilong Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pore Water ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Pore Water Salinity ◽

Penetration Tests

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Influence of particle size on the correlation between shear wave velocity and cone tip resistance

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t10-092 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 599-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Mourad Karray ◽

Guy Lefebvre ◽

Yannic Ethier ◽

Annick Bigras

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Shear Wave ◽

Wave Velocity ◽

Shear Wave Velocity ◽

Data Bank ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Tip Resistance ◽

Project Data ◽

Penetration Tests

The construction of the Péribonka dam involved deep compaction of its foundation using vibroflotation and dynamic compaction. Surface wave testing was used, in addition to classical tests (cone penetration tests (CPTs) and standard penetration tests (SPTs)) for the assessment of vibrocompaction. More than 900 shear wave velocity (Vs) and 1000 CPT profiles were obtained. This set of tests performed prior to and following vibrocompaction constitutes an important data bank, used in this study to establish a relationship between normalized shear wave velocity, Vs1, normalized tip resistance, qc1, and mean grain size, D50. Using the Péribonka project data obtained on fairly coarse sands in conjunction with the Canadian Liquefaction Experiment (CANLEX) project data obtained on fine sands has confirmed the significant effect of particle-size distribution on the relationship between Vs and qc. The paper proposes a correlation between Vs1, qc1, and D50 for uncemented and Holocene-age granular soils in continuity with the relation developed by Wride et al. from the CANLEX project.

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Evaluation of in-situ saturation condition using dynamic cone penetration tests

10.1190/segj2018-071.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Hiroshi Nakazawa ◽

Toshio Takagi ◽

Hisao Hayashi ◽

Koichi Nagao

Keyword(s):

Cone Penetration ◽

Saturation Condition ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Penetration Tests ◽

Dynamic Cone Penetration

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Evaluating Yield Stress of Soils From Laboratory Consolidation and in-Situ Cone Penetration Tests

Sound Geotechnical Research to Practice ◽

10.1061/9780784412770.027 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul W. Mayne

Keyword(s):

Yield Stress ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Penetration Tests

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In situ cone penetration tests at the active Dashgil mud volcano, Azerbaijan: Evidence for excess fluid pressure, updoming, and possible future violent eruption

Marine and Petroleum Geology ◽

10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.11.005 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 1716-1723 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Achim Kopf ◽

Sylvia Stegmann ◽

Georg Delisle ◽

Behrouz Panahi ◽

Chingiz S. Aliyev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluid Pressure ◽

Mud Volcano ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Penetration Tests

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Liquefaction performance of soils at the site of a partially completed ground improvement project during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t01-067 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 1241-1253 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Der-Her Lee ◽

C Hsein Juang ◽

Chi-Sheng Ku

Keyword(s):

Ground Improvement ◽

Construction Site ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

In Situ Tests ◽

Improvement Project ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Hydraulic Filling ◽

Before And After ◽

Penetration Tests

This paper examines the liquefaction performance of soils at the site of a partially completed ground improvement project at the Chang-Hwa Coastal Industrial Park during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. The site is on land reclaimed by hydraulic filling. To meet the need of a planned construction, site characterization was carried out with standard penetration tests (SPTs) and cone penetration tests (CPTs) at 13 locations. Dynamic compaction was later performed to mitigate the potential liquefaction hazards at this site. Before completion of the ground improvement work, the site experienced a major earthquake, the Chi-Chi earthquake (magnitude Mw = 7.6). Evidence of liquefaction was observed in this earthquake in the unimproved area but not in the improved area. After the earthquake, additional site exploration was carried out using SPTs and CPTs. The data from these in situ tests carried out before and after the earthquake and in areas with and without ground improvement are analyzed and the results are reported.Key words: ground improvement, in situ tests, liquefaction, earthquake.

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