DETERMINATION OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT IN BINARY ORGANIC SYSTEMS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1606-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Miller ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Absolute Accuracy ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Made In

Measurements of the dielectric constants of binary systems have been made; hexane, benzene, toluene, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and nitrobenzene have been used two at a time. It was the purpose to obtain accurate data for the dielectric constants for the 15 systems over the whole range of concentrations from 0 to 100%, with the absolute accuracy of 0.1%. It is claimed that the relative accuracy is of this order. From the data obtained regularities have been found which are expressed in the form of empirical equations which summarize the data. Tentative suggestions regarding theoretical conclusions are made in a number of cases.

scholarly journals Vapour pressure and density of sodium chloride solutions

1923 ◽  
Vol 103 (722) ◽  
pp. 429-443 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Isopiestic Method ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Reference Series ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Primary Object ◽  
Made In

The primary object of these experiments was to obtain a series of accurate determinations of the V. P. of aqueous NaCl solutions at 18° C., which might be used as a scale of reference for the determination of the V. P. of other salt solutions at the same temperature by the isopiestic method. The ionisation laws of salt solutions sufficiently dilute are broadly known, but for more concentrated solutions the derivation of ionisation from conductivity data is complicated by changes in the composition of the water itself and in the amounts of water combined with and travelling with the ions. An attempt to resolve some of these difficulties was made in a former paper by the use of V. P. data derived by extrapolation from Tamman's observations at temperatures from 40° C. to 100° C. Most of the reliable conductivity determinations are for a temperatures of 18° C. necessarily introduced inaccuracies. To carry the matter further more accurate determinations at 18° were necessary. By the method of isopiestic solutions when an accurate scale of reference for one salt is obtained, it is easy to obtain equally accurate data for other solutions. In the illustration described in that paper four pots containing solutions of KCL, NaCl, LiCl, and KNO 3 were put into a desiccator which was evacuated and immersed in a thermostat kept at 18°C. until equilibrium was established by evaporation from one solution to obtain a series of isopiestic solutions of equal V. P. A portion of such s series is set out in Table VI later. The reference series used was the LiCl V. P. series, the values of which were determined by extrapolation from Tamman's data.

scholarly journals The variation of the dielectric constants of some organic liquids with frequency in the range 1 to 10 3 Kilocycles

1930 ◽  
Vol 126 (801) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

Whilst it is recognised that the dielectric constant of liquids changes in the frequency range 10 4 - 10 5 kilocycles per second in accordance with the theory of Debye, no systematic examination of the variation of the dielectric constant of simple liquids with frequency appears to have been made at frequencies below 10 3 kc. per second. Exception must be made of the work of Fricke* who showed that the dielectric constant of blood did not change in the range 0­­­­.8 to 4500 kc., and of that of Bryan who recorded no change in the constant for xylene and an increase in the constant for nitrobenzene in the range 200 to1200 kc. In the case of chloroform and benzene a number of independent determinations have been made, eachat a fixed frequency. The values of the constants, however, at frequencies less than 1000kc. fluctuate considerably, for benzene the divergence between the extreme values is about 2­­·0 percent, of the mean, for chloroform about 12­­·5 percent. It is of importance, therefore, to establish whether these fluctuations are due to experimental error or the variation of the constant with frequency. The experiments now described were planned preliminary to work at higher frequencies; measurements of the dielectric constant and of the conductivity of a number of liquids have been made in the frequency range 1 to 10 3 kc. Attention has been directed to examine the variation of these quantities with frequency rather than to obtain­ing their absolute values. Owing to the illness of one of the authors the work had to be discontinued before the original programme had been completed, nevertheless, in view of the increasing importance of the subject the results appear to be of sufficient interest to merit publication. Since the data now reported were obtained, an extremely careful determination of the absolute value of the dielectric constant for benzene at 1000 cycles has been described by Hartshorn and Oliver ( loc. cit. ). They report no change in the constant in the audio frequency range, that is, presumably, below 5 kc., and thus confirm, in part, the data now presented.

scholarly journals Physical aspects of 0-3 dielectric composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Patrick Bass ◽  
Z.-Y. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
New Developments ◽  
High Dielectric ◽  
Made In

0-3 dielectric composites with high dielectric constants have received great interest for various technological applications. Great achievements have been made in the development of high performance of 0-3 composites, which can be classified into dielectric–dielectric (DDCs) and conductor–dielectric composites (CDCs). However, predicting the dielectric properties of a composite is still a challenging problem of both theoretical and practical importance. Here, the physical aspects of 0-3 dielectric composites are reviewed. The limitation of current understanding and new developments in the physics of dielectric properties for dielectric composites are discussed. It is indicated that the current models cannot explain well the physical aspects for the dielectric properties of 0-3 dielectric composites. For the CDCs, experimental results show that there is a need to find new equations/models to predict the percolative behavior incorporating more parameters to describe the behavior of these materials. For the DDCs, it is indicated that the dielectric loss of each constituent has to be considered, and that it plays a critical role in the determination of the dielectric response of these types of composites. The differences in the loss of the constituents can result in a higher dielectric constant than both of the constituents combined, which breaks the Wiener limits.

The quantitative comparison of experimental and simulated diffraction contrast images

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Simulated Images ◽  
Made In

For many years the concept of quantitative diffraction contrast experiments might have consisted of the determination of dislocation Burgers vectors using a g.b = 0 criterion from several different 2-beam images. Since the advent of the personal computer revolution, the available computing power for performing image-processing and image-simulation calculations is enormous and ubiquitous. Several programs now exist to perform simulations of diffraction contrast images using various approximations. The most common approximations are the use of only 2-beams or a single systematic row to calculate the image contrast, or calculating the image using a column approximation. The increasing amount of literature showing comparisons of experimental and simulated images shows that it is possible to obtain very close agreement between the two images; although the choice of parameters used, and the assumptions made, in performing the calculation must be properly dealt with. The simulation of the images of defects in materials has, in many cases, therefore become a tractable problem.

Science of Ahangyol and Its Importance for Modern Scientific Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gashamoglu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
Made In

The Article briefly discusses the need for generation of the Science of Ahangyol, and this science’s scientific basis, object and subject, category system, scientific research methods and application options. Ahangyol is a universal science and may be useful in any sphere. It may assist in problem solving in peacemaking process and in many areas such as ecology, economics, politics, culture, management and etc. This science stipulates that any activity and any decision made in the life may only and solely be successful when they comply with harmony principles more, which are the principles of existence and activity of the world. A right strategic approach of the Eastern Philosophy and the Middle Age Islamic Philosophy and scientific thought has an important potential. This strategic approach creates opportunities to also consider irrational factors in addition to rational ones comprehensively in scientific researches. The modern scientific thought contributes to implementation of these opportunities. Ahangyol is a science of determination of ways to achieve harmony in any sphere and of creation of special methods to make progress in these ways through assistance of the modern science. Methods of the System Theory, Mathematics, IT, Astronomy, Physics, Biology, Sociology, Statistics and etc. are more extensively applied. Information is given on some of these methods. Moreover, the Science of Ahangyol, which is a new philosophical worldview and a new paradigm contributes to clarification of metaphysic views considerably and discovery of the scientific potential of religious books.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium in binary glycols-toluene and glycols-xylene systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1686-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lumír Mandík ◽  
František Lešek
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
Benzene Toluene

Liquid-liquid equilibria were determined in the following binary systems: 1,2-ethandiol/toluene, 1,2-ethandiol/xylene, 1,2-propandiol/toluene, 1,2-propandiol/xylene, 1,4-butandiol/toluene, 1,4-butandiol/xylene, 1,3-butandiol/toluene, 1,3-butandiol/xylene, 1,3-butandiol/p-xylene, 2,2'-dioxydiethanol/toluene, 2,2'-dioxydiethanol/xylene. The solubility of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propandiol in benzene, toluene and xylene was also measured. Critical solubility temperatures at atmospheric pressure were determined for systems containing 1,2-propandiol and 1,3-butandiol.

scholarly journals Determination of Environmental Factors for the Implementation of the Exploitability Index in Industrial Aggregate Mining Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz ◽  
Benito Ramiro Salas-Menocal ◽  
Gema Fernández-Maroto ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽  
Raúl Pereda-García
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Made In

The quality of human life is linked to the exploitation of mining resources. The Exploitability Index (EI) assesses the actual possibilities to enable a mine according to several factors. The environment is one of the most constraining ones, but its analysis is made in a shallow way. This research is focused on its determination, according to a new preliminary methodology that sets the main components of the environmental impact related to the development of an exploitation of industrial minerals and its weighting according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It is applied to the case of the ophitic outcrops in Cantabria (Spain). Twelve components are proposed and weighted with the AHP and an algorithm that allows for assigning a normalized value for the environmental factor to each deposit. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are applied, allowing us to map a large number of components of the environmental factors. This provides a much more accurate estimation of the environmental factor, with respect to reality, and improves the traditional methodology in a substantial way. It can be established as a methodology for mining spaces planning, but it is suitable for other contexts, and it raises developing the environmental analysis before selecting the outcrop to be exploited.

scholarly journals Airborne determination of the temporo-spatial distribution of benzene, toluene, nitrogen oxides and ozone in the boundary layer across Greater London, UK

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 5083-5097 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Shaw ◽  
J. D. Lee ◽  
B. Davison ◽  
A. Vaughan ◽  
R. M. Purvis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Benzene Toluene

Abstract. Highly spatially resolved mixing ratios of benzene and toluene, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone (O3) were measured in the atmospheric boundary layer above Greater London during the period 24 June to 9 July 2013 using a Dornier 228 aircraft. Toluene and benzene were determined in situ using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), NOx by dual-channel NOx chemiluminescence and O3 mixing ratios by UV absorption. Average mixing ratios observed over inner London at 360 ± 10 m a.g.l. were 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.28 ± 0.07, 13.2 ± 8.6, 21.0 ± 7.3 and 34.3 ± 15.2 ppbv for benzene, toluene, NO, NO2 and NOx respectively. Linear regression analysis between NO2, benzene and toluene mixing ratios yields a strong covariance, indicating that these compounds predominantly share the same or co-located sources within the city. Average mixing ratios measured at 360 ± 10 m a.g.l. over outer London were always lower than over inner London. Where traffic densities were highest, the toluene / benzene (T / B) concentration ratios were highest (average of 1.8 ± 0.5 ppbv ppbv-1), indicative of strong local sources. Daytime maxima in NOx, benzene and toluene mixing ratios were observed in the morning (~ 40 ppbv NOx, ~ 350 pptv toluene and ~ 200 pptv benzene) and in the mid-afternoon for ozone (~ 40 ppbv O3), all at 360 ± 10 m a.g.l.

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