STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES FROM PHYTOPATHOGENIC XANTHOMONAS SPP.: PART II. X. HYACINTHI, X. TRANSLUCENS, AND X. MACULOFOLIIGARDENIAE

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 2357-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. J. Gorin ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽  
Branched Polymer ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Xanthomonas Translucens

The extracellular polysaccharide formed from Xanthomonas hyacinthi is shown to be a branched polymer containing glucuronic acid, mannose, and glucose. Acid and enzymic hydrolysis show the presence of β-D-Glp 1 → 4 D-Man and the 4-unit sequence β-D-GlpA1 → 2 D-Manp 1 → 3 β-D-Glp 1 → 4 D-Gl. Examination by the methylation technique showed the presence of a considerable proportion of 2-linked mannopyranose units. The spectrum of methyl glycosides formed from this polysaccharide and those from Xanthomonas maculofoliigardeniae and Xanthomonas translucens are similar, and in terms of sugar linkages differentiate them from that of Xanthomonas stewartii, which contains glucuronic acid, glucose, and galactose.

STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES FROM PHYTOPATHOGENIC XANTHOMONAS SPP.: PART I. STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE FROM XANTHOMONAS STEWARTII

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2282-2289 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. J. Gorin ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Structural Relationships

Xanthomonasslewartii produces an extracellular polysaccharide which is markedly different from those formed by other Xanthomonas spp. examined in that it gave glucose, galactose, and an aldobiouronic acid on hydrolysis. Methylation followed by hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (4 parts), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (2 parts), 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 part), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose (2 parts), and 2-O-methyl-D-galactose (1.8 parts). Partial acid hydrolysis yielded 6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose, 3-0-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose, and 4-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-D-galactose.

scholarly journals Antioxidant potential and optimization of production of extracellular polysaccharide by Acinetobacter indicus M6

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Ravi Teja ◽  
Abraham P. Karlapudi ◽  
Neeraja Vallur ◽  
K. Mamatha ◽  
D. John Babu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Food Engineering ◽  
The Face

Abstract Background Extracellular polysaccharides (ECPs) produced by biofilm-producing marine bacterium have great applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food engineering, bioremediation, and bio-hydrometallurgy industries. The ECP-producing strain was identified as Acinetobacter indicus M6 species by 16S rDNA analysis. The polymer produced by the isolate was quantified and purified and chemically analyzed, and antioxidant activities have been studied. The face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to design the model. Results The results have clearly shown that the ECP was found to be endowed with significant antioxidative activities. The ECP showed 59% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging activity (72.4%) at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity (72.2%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, respectively. Further, HPLC and GC-MS results showed that the isolated ECP was a heteropolymer composed of glucose as a major monomer, and mannose and glucosamine were minor monomers. Furthermore, the production of ECP by Acinetobacter indicus M6 was increased through optimization of nutritional variables, namely, glucose, yeast extract, and MgSO4 by “Response Surface Methodology”. Moreover the production of ECP reached to 2.21 g/L after the optimization of nutritional variables. The designed model is statistically significant and is indicated by the R2 value of 0.99. The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. Conclusions Acinetobacter indicus M6 bacterium produces a novel and unique extracellular heteropolysaccharide with highly efficient antioxidant activity. GC-MS analyses elucidated the presence of quite uncommon (1→4)-linked glucose, (1→4)-linked mannose, and (→4)-GlcN-(1→) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. The optimized medium improved the production of ECP and is two folds higher in comparison with the basal medium. The newly optimized medium could be used as a promising alternative for the overproduction of ECP.

Strain distribution and in planta production of an extracellular polysaccharide depolymerase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 857-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Dunn ◽  
Arthur L. Karr
Keyword(s):  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
In Planta ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Polysaccharide Composition ◽  
Vitro Production

Thirty-four strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were screened for the in vitro production of an extracellular polysaccharide depolymerase active against the B. japonicum acidic extracellular polysaccharide that contains mannose, glucose, galactose, and 4-O-methylgalactose as neutral sugar components. Over 90% of tested strains producing this type of extracellular polysaccharide also produced the extracellular polysaccharide depolymerase, whereas strains producing a compositionally different extracellular polysaccharide did not. In addition, representatives of species related to B. japonicum by extracellular polysaccharide composition or host range were also phenotypically depolymerase negative. Depolymerase was also present in soybean root nodules formed by B. japonicum strain 2143. In contrast to the cell-associated depolymerase activity found in free-living cells of this strain, most of the depolymerase activity present in nodules is free of the bacteroids. The widespread occurrence of the depolymerase among B. japonicum strains and the spatiotemporal distribution of its activity in planta are consistent with the enzyme playing a role in the removal of surface extracellular polysaccharide from the microorganism during the infection of nodulation process. Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, soybean, extracellular polysaccharides, extracellular polysaccharide depolymerase, bacteroids.

STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED BY XANTHOMONAS ORYZAE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2204-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Misaki ◽  
S. Kirkwood ◽  
J. V. Scaletti ◽  
F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Sodium Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Structural Significance ◽  
Molecular Proportion

The extracellular polysaccharide isolated from cultures of Xanthomonas oryzae is composed of D-glucose (5 molecular proportions), D-glucuronic acid (2 molecular proportions), and D-mannose (5 molecular proportions). Acid hydrolysis of this polysaccharide, which contains 0.3% combined pyruvic acid, yields 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid D-mannose, which has been characterized as its crystalline fully methylated β-glycoside. Hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide gives 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (1 molecular proportion), 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (4 molecular proportions), 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (2 molecular proportions), 2,6-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The polyalcohol derived from the polysaccharide by periodate oxidation followed by sodium borohydride reduction gives upon acid hydrolysis glycerol (2 molecular proportions), erythritol (1 molecular proportion), and D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The general structural significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of medium pH and cultivation period on mycelial biomass, polysaccharide, and ligninolytic enzyme production by Ganoderma lucidum from Montenegro

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Vukojevic ◽  
Mirjana Stajic ◽  
Sonja Duletic-Lausevic ◽  
Jasmina Simonic
Keyword(s):  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzyme ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Polysaccharide Production ◽  
Intracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Maximal Production

The effect of initial medium pH on biomass, extracellular and intracellular polysaccharide, and ligninolytic enzyme production by Ganoderma lucidum was investigated at different pH values after 7 and 14 days of cultivation. Maximal production of biomass was recorded at pH 4.5 and 5.0; maximal production of extracellular polysaccharides at pH 7.0 and 3.0; and maximal production of intracellular polysaccharides at pH 7.0 and 5.5. Ligninolytic enzymes were not produced at any pH of the medium. Maximal biomass production was obtained on the 11th day of cultivation; maximal extracellular polysaccharide production on the 7th day; and maximal intracellular polysaccharide production on the 6th and 10th day of cultivation. .

Extracellular polysaccharide production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and its relationship to virulence

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Domenico ◽  
Dana L. Diedrich ◽  
David C. Straus
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Serotype 1

Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype 1 and serotype 2 and their capsular variants were examined for production of cell-associated capsular polysaccharides and extracellular capsular polysaccharides. The virulence of these organisms in experimental animals was examined via intraperitoneal injection in mice and transtracheal inoculation into the lungs of rats. It was found that the production of either polysaccharide component correlated with the observed virulence. The extracellular polysaccharides were purified by ethanol precipitation, electrodialysis, extraction with quaternary ammonium salts, and gel filtration. These purification steps allowed for the separation and purification of both the extracellular lipopolysaccharide and the extracellular capsular polysaccharide. Purified extracellular capsular polysaccharide and extracellular lipopolysaccharide were co-injected with K. pneumoniae intraperitoneally into mice to determine if either of these substances would produce an effect on the natural course of infection in these animals. These studies showed that only purified extracellular lipopolysaccharide enhanced the virulence of K. pneumoniae when co-injected into mice, and this virulence enhancement correlated with the content of extracellular lipopolysaccharide, but not extracellular capsular polysaccharide in mixtures of these polysaccharides. Saponification of K. pneumoniae serotype 1 extracellular polysaccharides significantly decreased their virulence-enhancing capabilities in mice, further suggesting that extracellular lipopolysaccharide may play a role in these infections.

Effects of Fluoride, Lithium and Strontium on Extracellular Polysaccharide Production by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus

1981 ◽  
Vol 60 (C) ◽  
pp. 1601-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Treasure
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Polysaccharide Production

Effects of trace elements on production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) by S. mutans and A. viscosus were examined in vitro. Fluoride enhanced EPS production. Lithium and strontium had little effect alone, but tended to reverse the effect of fluoride. The proportion of water-soluble EPS and the proportion of glucosyl-EPS were increased by fluoride.

Characterization of a mucoid Escherichia coli K12 strain, and chemical analysis of the exopolysaccharide

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Shugar ◽  
Kenneth E. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Spontaneous Mutant ◽  
Escherichia Coli K12 ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Genetic Lesion ◽  
Long Form

A spontaneous mutant of Escherichia coli K12 C600 was isolated which is mucoid as a result of overproduction of an extracellular polysaccharide. This strain also forms filaments, is sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation, and has its genetic lesion closely linked to the lac gene. Its phenotype and map position are analogous to the lon mutation (long form). The exopolysaccharide contains fucose, glucose, galactose, and may contain glucuronic acid, but the molar ratios of these sugars differ from those previously reported.

scholarly journals Rathayibacter toxicus, Other Rathayibacter Species Inducing Bacterial Head Blight of Grasses, and the Potential for Livestock Poisonings

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 804-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Murray ◽  
Brenda K. Schroeder ◽  
William L. Schneider ◽  
Douglas G. Luster ◽  
Aaron Sechler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Infected Plant Material

Rathayibacter toxicus, a Select Agent in the United States, is one of six recognized species in the genus Rathayibacter and the best known due to its association with annual ryegrass toxicity, which occurs only in parts of Australia. The Rathayibacter species are unusual among phytopathogenic bacteria in that they are transmitted by anguinid seed gall nematodes and produce extracellular polysaccharides in infected plants resulting in bacteriosis diseases with common names such as yellow slime and bacterial head blight. R. toxicus is distinguished from the other species by producing corynetoxins in infected plants; toxin production is associated with infection by a bacteriophage. These toxins cause grazing animals feeding on infected plants to develop convulsions and abnormal gate, which is referred to as “staggers,” and often results in death of affected animals. R. toxicus is the only recognized Rathayibacter species to produce toxin, although reports of livestock deaths in the United States suggest a closely related toxigenic species may be present. A closely related but undescribed species, Rathayibacter sp. EV, originally isolated from Ehrharta villosa var. villosa in South Africa, is suspected of producing toxin. Many of the diseases caused by Rathayibacter species occur in arid areas and the extracellular polysaccharide they produce is believed to aid in their survival between crops. For example, R. “agropyri” was isolated from infected plant material after being stored for 50 years in a herbarium. Similarly, the anguinid vectors associated with these bacteria form seed galls in infected plants and are capable of surviving for very long periods of time under dry conditions. The addition of R. toxicus to the list of Select Agents has raised concern over its potential introduction and a realization that current diagnostic methods are inadequate to distinguish among Rathayibacter species. In addition, little is known about the Rathayibacter species and their seed gall nematode vectors present in the United States.

THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (NRRL Y-1401): PART I

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. V. Lock ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
R. J. Stoodley
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
End Groups

The extracellular polysaccharides produced by Cryptococcuslaurentii have been isolated and shown to consist of (A) an acidic polysaccharide containing D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid; (B) a neutral polysaccharide containing D-glucose only.Preliminary structural studies on the acidic material suggest that it consists of a mannose-containing backbone with xylose and glucuronic acid as end groups, while the glucan contains 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2, and (or) 1 → 6 linked residues.

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