scholarly journals Secondary reactions in the γ-radiolysis of hydrocarbons with electron scavengers

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1351-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Sagert ◽  
A. S. Blair
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Total Electron Yield ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Direct Excitation ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Pure Cyclohexane

Secondary reactions in the liquid phase radiolysis of cyclohexane in the presence of N2O and SF6 have been examined by determining the yields of liquid products. When we added up to 0.3 M N2O, the hydrogen yield was reduced from its initial yield of 5.5 G units to 2.5 G units. The nitrogen yields were about twice the decrease in hydrogen yields. Bicyclohexyl and cyclohexene yields increased from their initial values to 2.27 and 3.50 G units respectively. When we added up to 0.12 M SF6, all the yields were decreased to about one half of their initial value.These results may be interpreted in terms of Dyne's general mechanism for the radiolysis of hydrocarbons if two cyclohexyl radicals are produced for every electron scavenged by N2O, but if none are produced for electrons scavenged by SF6. It is suggested that the total electron yield in pure cyclohexane is about 4.1 G units, of which only 3.0 G units produce hydrogen. The other 2.5 G units of hydrogen from the radiolysis of pure cyclohexane are presumed to arise from direct excitation.

scholarly journals The formation of radio-aluminium (Al 28 ) and the resonance effect of Mg 25

1937 ◽  
Vol 159 (896) ◽  
pp. 72-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Barrier ◽  
Electron Emission ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Electron Yield ◽  
Magnesium Isotopes ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
The Individual

Since magnesium has three isotopes, it might be expected, during disintegration bombardment by α -particles, to have the following six reactions : (1 a ) Mg 24 12 + He 4 2 → Si 27 14 + n 1 0 ↓ Al 27 13 + e 0 1 (1 b ) Mg 24 12 + He 4 2 → Al 27 13 + H 1 1 (2 a ) Mg 25 12 + He 4 2 → Al 28 13 + H 1 1 ↓ Si 28 14 + e 0 -1 (2 b ) Mg 25 12 + He 4 2 → Si 28 14 + n 1 0 (3 a ) Mg 26 12 + He 4 2 → Al 29 13 + H 1 1 ↓ Si 29 14 + e 0 -1 (3 b ) Mg 26 12 + He 4 2 → Si 29 14 + n 1 0 In order to obtain information on the structure of these three nuclei of magnesium, especially the nature of the potential barrier, it becomes important to find experimentally the “resonance” levels associated with these reactions. By observing directly the protons emitted from magnesium, Duncanson and Miller (1934) found two levels above an α -particle energy of 5.2 × 10 6 e-volts. Since the direct proton (Klarmann 1934) yield is much larger than the total electron yield from Mg 25 and Mg 26 (2 a ) and (3 a ), these two levels seem mainly due to Mg 24 according to (1 b ). On the other hand, Fahlenbrach (1935), investigating the electron emission from magnesium, also found two levels which agree well as to positions with those mentioned above. Recently Ellis and Henderson (1936 a ) have pointed out that all the three magnesium isotopes appear to have similar resonance levels. These previous results will be referred to later. However, many of these points have not been definitely settled, and there is great divergence about the yields. It is, therefore, important to study, if possible, the separate reactions of the individual isotopes.

Total Electron Yield Detector Working at Low Temperature for Linear Dichroïsm Studies on Monocrystalline Samples

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (C2) ◽  
pp. C2-325-C2-326
Author(s):  
C. Revenant-Brizard ◽  
J. R. Regnard ◽  
J. Mimault ◽  
D. Duclos ◽  
J. J. Faix
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Linear Dichroism ◽  
Total Electron Yield ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Electron Yield

Liquid Behavior in Containers with a Liquid-Packing Bag for Liquid Products Subjected to Drop Impact

2006 ◽  
Vol 321-323 ◽  
pp. 1280-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eisaku Umezaki ◽  
Yuuma Shinoda ◽  
Katsunori Futase
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Liquid Behavior ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Polyethylene Particles

The behavior of liquid in containers subjected to impact loads due to free fall was investigated using a visualization technique. Two types of containers were used. One consisted of a case made of transparent plastic plates and a liquid-packing bag made of transparent plastic films. The bag contained about 1,000 ml of liquid. The other was a case made only of transparent plastic plates. The case contained about 1,000 ml of water. The liquid consisted of water and ethanol. Polyethylene particles of about 3 mm in diameter were included in the liquid to visualize the movement of liquid in the containers. The containers were subjected to impact due to free fall, and photographs of the containers were taken using a high-speed camera. Results indicated that the behavior of liquid in the container with a liquid-packing bag is different from that of the container without a liquid-packing bag.

scholarly journals The equations applicable to simple hœmolytic reactions

1926 ◽  
Vol 100 (702) ◽  
pp. 199-222 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Cell Resistance ◽  
Frequency Curve ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Sigmoid Curve

The purpose of this paper is to develop and to consider in detail some of the expressions which may be applied to reactions involving simple hæmolytic systems. In doing so, a number of rather unusual conditions have to be considered; these may first be set down. 1. It has been shown (1) that the curves obtained by plotting the amount of hæmolysis, expressed as a percentage of the total, against time, are sigmoid in form, the sigmoid curve often presenting a considerable degree of skewness in one or the other direction. In explanation of this form, it was suggested that the cells of the system present different degrees of resistance to the action of the lysin, these resistances being distributed according to a symmetrical frequency curve, and that the skewness encountered is due to the presence of secondary reactions, principally the reaction of the liberated cell-contents with the lysin. Such suggestions are, in general, in agreement with the findings of Brooks (2), of Fulmer and Buchanan (3), and of other workers on hæmolysis and the allied problem of bacteriolysis. To the two papers mentioned the reader is referred for excellent discussions of both facts and elementary theory, as well as for reviews of the literature. It appears that the bulk of the recent investigation has shown that these variations in cell resistance, and the distribution of these resistances, are of fundamental importance in problems of this kind, and that it is completely fallacious to deal with such problems without allowing for the heterogeneity of the material involved.

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