Developing breeding objectives for radiata pine structural wood production. II. Sensitivity analyses

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2932-2942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš Ivković ◽  
Harry X Wu ◽  
Tony A McRae ◽  
Colin A Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Production System ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

In a companion paper we describe a bioeconomic model of a production system for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) structural timber and estimated economic weights for four breeding-objective traits: mean annual increment, stem sweep, average branch size, and modulus of elasticity. In this paper we show estimation errors and the sensitivity of the economic weights to the input parameters of the production-system model. We also illustrate the linearity and independence of the economic weights and the sensitivity of selection indices to variation in economic weights and genetic parameters. Estimated standard errors of economic weights were generally low. Among the production-system parameters studied, discount rate and roundwood and sawn-timber prices had the largest impact on the estimates of economic weights. The relationship between the change in values of breeding-objective traits and the corresponding change in profit was nonlinear. The profit change due to change in one objective trait was not independent of the values of the other traits. The most important factors affecting the sensitivity of the selection index were the phenotypic variances of early selection traits such as tree diameter and wood basic density and the economic weights of mean annual increment and modulus of elasticity.

scholarly journals Incorporating economic weights into radiata pine breeding selection decisions

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Evison ◽  
Luis A. Apiolaza
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Wood Stiffness ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breeding Selection

This article introduces the concept of “robust selection”, which proposes tree selection based on the stochastic simulation of economic values to account for the inherent uncertainty of economic weights used in tree selection for breeding programs. The proposed method uses both median ranking and ranking variability as criteria for breeding selection. Using consensus genetic and economic parameters from the New Zealand Radiata Pine Breeding Company program, we compare three selection strategies: deterministic application of economic weights from a vertically integrated bioeconomic model, an equal-weight index often used in operations, and robust selection. All strategies aim to increase value for a breeding objective that includes four traits, i.e., volume, stem sweep, branch size, and wood stiffness (measured as modulus of elasticity), based on a selection index that considers five criteria, i.e., stem diameter at breast height (1.3 m), straightness, branching score, wood density, and modulus of elasticity. Two-thirds of the selected trees were unique for each of the selection strategies. Robust selection achieved the best realised gain for three of the four selection criteria and was the middle performer in the last selection criteria. Considering the high intrinsic uncertainty of economic weights, we suggest that the relevant criterion for the selection of individuals is the maximum median ranking, subject to an acceptable level of variation in that ranking, rather than their narrow performance under a single economic scenario. This will lead to tree selections that perform well under a wide range of economic circumstances.

scholarly journals Claw health and feed efficiency as new selection criteria in the Czech Holstein cattle Krupová Z., Wolfová M., Krupa E., Přibyl J., Zavadilová L.

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 408-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Krupová ◽  
M. Wolfová ◽  
E. Krupa ◽  
J. Přibyl ◽  
L. Zavadilová
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to calculate economic weights for ten current breeding objective traits and for four new traits characterising claw health and feed efficiency in Czech Holstein cattle and to investigate the impact of different selection indices on the genetic responses for these traits. Economic weights were estimated using a bio-economic model, while applying actual (2017) and predicted (2025) production and economic circumstances. For the actual situation, the economic weights of claw disease incidence were –100.1 € per case, and those of daily residual feed intake in cows, breeding heifers, and fattened animals were –79.37, –37.16, and –6.33 €/kg dry matter intake per day, respectively. In the predicted situation, the marginal economic weights for claw disease and feed efficiency traits increased on average by 38% and 20%, respectively. The new traits, claw disease incidence and daily residual feed intake, were gradually added to the 17 current Holstein selection index traits to improve the new traits. Constructing a comprehensive index with 21 traits and applying the general principles of the selection index theory, a favourable annual genetic selection response was obtained for the new traits (–0.008 cases of claw disease incidence and –0.006 kg of daily residual feed intake across all cattle categories), keeping the annual selection response of the most important current breeding objective traits at a satisfactory level (e.g., 73 kg of milk yield per lactation, 0.016% of milk fat). Claw health and feed efficiency should be defined as new breeding objectives and new selection index traits of local dairy population.

scholarly journals Experiences in selecting on a total merit index in the Austrian fleckvieh breed

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Miesenberger ◽  
C. Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values

Spotted cattle breed is the most common breed in Austria. Austrian Spotted cattle breed is bred as a dual purpose breed for more than 100 years. The breeding objective has changed over the time according to the different economic importance of the traits and according to the different possibilities in using estimated breeding values (EBVs) for selection. Since 1998 the breeding objective is defined as the aggregate genotype of production traits and functional traits. All economically important traits are combined according to their economic weights in the total merit index (TMI). The TMI is calculated by combining the EBVs of all traits using a selection index procedure. The index weights (b-values) are estimated depending on the reliabilities of the EBVs and are therefore different from animal to animal. Considering the intensive international exchange of semen from the best bulls, the cooperation in the breeding programs and the similar economic situation in agriculture the breeding organizations of Germany and Austria decided to make a joint across-country evaluation for all traits. Since November 2002 breeding values for all traits and as a logical conclusion the TMI are evaluated jointly. The result is a high acceptance of the EBVs and the TMI by the farmers because of smaller changes of the breeding values for national and foreign bulls between consecutive evaluations. The realized economic gain in the different traits is very close to the expected economic gain. In the last 10 years on average 88.2 % of the economic gain were realized in the milk traits, 4.2 % in the beef traits and 7.6 % were realized in the fitness traits.

The effects of contrasting environments on the basic density and mean annual increment of wood from eucalyptus clones

2020 ◽  
Vol 458 ◽  
pp. 117807
Author(s):  
Sarah Esther de Lima Costa ◽  
Rosimeire Cavalcante do Santos ◽  
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽  
Renato Vinícius Oliveira Castro ◽  
Sofia Maria Gonçalves Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Density ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Determining the appropriate selection index for Rayeni Cashmere goat under pasture-based production system

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1595
Author(s):  
Najmeh Kargar Borzi ◽  
Ahmad Ayatollahi Mehrgardi ◽  
Masood Asadi Fozi ◽  
Mahmood Vatankhah
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Cashmere Goat ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Beneficial Traits

The aim of the present study was to identify the significance of Rayeni Cashmere goat’s socioeconomic traits so as to derive economic weights for the selection criteria that can be used easily by goat breeders. A deterministic bio-economic model was used to estimate economic value for adult bodyweight of doe (BWD), annual milk yield (MW), annual cashmere weight (CW), bodyweight of kids sold at 6.5 months (WK), and number of kids sold at 6.5 months per doe (NK). The relative importance of traits was determined on the basis of the estimated economic values, and, consequently, the most beneficial traits were applied to construct selection indices. Five selection indices with different herd sizes and buck ratios were proposed (I1–I5). The traits included in each index were as follows: BWD, MW, CW, WK and NK (I1); MW, CW, WK and NK (I2); BWD, MW, WK and NK (I3); BWD, MW and CW (I4); and BWD, CW, WK and NK (I5). Absolute economic values (US$) of BWD, MW, CW, WK and NK traits were $–0.870, $0.111, $5.660, $21.655 and $1.712 respectively. The results indicated that in all indices, the genetic and economic gains were elevated by an increased herd size and a decreased buck ratio. The maximum values of genetic and economic gains were obtained in herd size of 400 and buck ratio of 0.04. The highest genetic gain was obtained under Index 1, while the highest amount of economic gain was acquired under Index 2; however, the maximum accuracy of selection index was achieved under Index 1. The obtained results revealed that the most appropriate selection index for this breed is Index 1, which includes BWD, MW, CW, WK and NK. By applying Index 1, we could concurrently promote improvement of all traits, which highlights the potential of this index as a good promising strategy for developing selection criteria of Rayeni Cashmere goat under a pasture-based production system.

scholarly journals Effect of Spacing Regimes on Growth, Yield, and Wood Properties ofTectona grandisat Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliakimu Zahabu ◽  
Tumaini Raphael ◽  
Shabani Athumani Omari Chamshama ◽  
Said Iddi ◽  
Rogers Ernest Malimbwi
Keyword(s):  
Basic Density ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

This study examined the effects of planting spacing on growth, yield, and wood properties of teak planted at square spacing regimes of 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m at Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania. To achieve this, tree, stand, and wood properties were studied at age of 14 years. Results showed that diameter at breast height and total height increased with increasing spacing. Mean annual increment increased significantly with increasing spacing while spacing did not have significant effect on total volume production and basal area. Basic density is also not affected by spacing while heartwood proportion increases as planting spacing increases. All studied wood properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compression strength tangential to grain, and shear tangential to the grain) except cleavage tangential to grain were not significantly affected by increasing spacing. It is recommended to use the spacing of 3 × 3 m, but if thinning can be done before onset of competition at 5 years, the currently used spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 m can still be used. However, the use of a spacing of 4 × 4 m can give at least 50% heartwood at shorter rotation age of 30 years.

Genetic variation of income over feed costs as an individual trait in Holstein cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 130-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Zamani ◽  
S. R. Miraei-Ashtiani ◽  
A. Naserian ◽  
A. Nikkhah ◽  
M. Moradi Shahrebabak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
Individual Trait ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

The goal of a breeding programme is to select animals that will be more profitable or efficient than their parents. Two main methods have been developed to allow selection on the breeding objective. The first method is use of selection index that combines individual trait breeding values with economic weights to provide a single measure on which to select animals. The second method measures the breeding objective (e.g. net profit or lifetime profit) directly and provides genetic evaluations for this measure (Visscher and Goddard, 1995). The profitability of a dairy cow is dependent on both outputs (incomes of milk, fat, protein, calving, etc.) and inputs (costs of feed, labour, facilities, etc). Outputs have received considerable attention in breeding objectives for dairy cattle, whilst there has been less consideration of inputs. Feed is a major cost input for dairy producers. Hence, breeding for increasing main gross incomes (milk, fat and protein) and reducing main variable cost (feed) potentially can be of considerable importance. This study was conducted to estimation of genetic variation in income over feed cost (IOFC), as a single trait, and its association with some of other traits in Holstein dairy cows.

Bioenergy yield of Eucalyptus urophylla clones and its relationship with the mean annual increment of wood volume

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Isabele Pinheiro da Silva ◽  
Alyne Chaveiro Santos ◽  
Macksuel Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Mariana Dianese Alves de Moraes ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sette Jr
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Wood Basic Density ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

This study aimed to evaluate the energy yield and wood characteristics of Eucalyptus urophylla clones with different mean annual increment of wood volume (MAI). The clones presented MAIs of 39.2, 54.1 and 70.0 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in the field experiment at six years after planting when the trees were cut down to evaluate the wood basic density and higher heating values. The energy density, dry mass and energy yield were estimated. The MAI of E. urophylla clones influenced the wood basic density, dry mass, and energy yield, but did not influence the higher heating value and energy density. Clone 3 had the highest MAI, and also had higher energy yield and dry mass, but lower wood basic density. The difference between the most and the least productive clones was 242,648 MJ ha-1 yr-1. The results reinforce the importance of evaluating the wood quantity production (MAI) to select Eucalyptus clones for energy purposes.

scholarly journals Udder and Claw-Related Health Traits in Selection of Czech Holstein Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-661
Author(s):  
Zuzana Krupová ◽  
Ludmila Zavadilová ◽  
Marie Wolfová ◽  
Emil Krupa ◽  
Eva Kašná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the implementation of new health traits into the breeding objective and selection criteria for Czech Holstein cows on the genetic selection response in the breeding objective traits. Incidence of overall claw diseases was included into the current breeding objective for cows (11 traits together). Three traits that indicated claw health (incidence of claw diseases overall and infectious and non-infectious claw diseases) and incidence of clinical mastitis were successively added to the current selection criteria in a cow selection index (a maximum of 19 traits). Selection responses in the breeding objective traits were estimated by applying the general principles of the selection index theory. The required genetic variances for the new traits, the economic weights for all breeding objective traits and the genetic correlations among the selection index traits were estimated within this study. The marginal economic weights, which were calculated for two-year-old cows by applying a bioeconomic model with implemented gene flow, were -193 and -168 € per case for clinical mastitis and overall claw disease incidence, respectively. Using the comprehensive selection index with 19 traits, the reduction in the incidence of both udder and claw diseases was calculated to be 0.004 cases per cow per year. At the same time, a more favourable genetic selection response was obtained for other functional traits, e.g., +0.020% for cow conception rate and +0.010 years for productive life of cow (which represented the profit of 67 € and 367 € per herd and per year, respectively) when compared to the current index. Based on this study, a direct selection of cows for claw and udder health is nowadays recommended to improve the health status of herds and economics in production systems.

scholarly journals Bio-economic Modelling as a Method for Determining Economic Weights for Optimal Multiple-Trait Tree Selection

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivković ◽  
H. Wu ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Model ◽  
Production System ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
Breeding Objective ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions

AbstractA bio-economic model provides a framework for simultaneously considering breeding, management, and production decisions. Such a model should result in optimal breeding (and silvicultural) objectives if main goals of a production system are well defined. Historically estimation of economic weights for breeding-objective traits has been based on partial regressions and profit functions relating only to certain parts of the production system. A bio-economic model includes effects of growth rate, branching, form, and wood quality on all production system components and on overall profitability of an integrated production system. However, long rotation cycles in forestry make determination of relative economic values for the breeding-objective traits particularly difficult. When modelling complex systems under uncertainty about future production goals, there are necessary trade offs between the complexity of the model and the use of simplifying assumptions.

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