Soil and foliar chemistry associated with potassium deficiency in Pinus radiata

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Smethurst ◽  
Andrew Knowles ◽  
Keith Churchill ◽  
Ann Wilkinson ◽  
Arthur Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Foliar Chemistry ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Fertilization

We required an improved understanding of K deficiency and diagnosis in Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine). A rapid growth response to K fertilization (100 kg·ha–1) in the presence of weed control confirmed K deficiency in a 2-year-old stand. Tree growth did not respond to N fertilization, and weed control alone appeared insufficient to maximize tree growth. Temporal patterns in visual symptoms of K deficiency suggested they were worst at the end of a drought, and improved after several months of above-average rainfall that coincided with an increase in soil temperature. Soil chemistry generally responded predictably to fertilization, but K fertilization increased soil solution Ca and Mg concentrations without changing exchangeable concentrations. With weed control, a doubling of stem growth response to K fertilizer was associated with a 270% increase in soil solution K (natural variation amongst control plots), 51% increase in exchangeable K, and 39% increase in foliar K. Relationships between seedling growth and hydroponic concentrations of K were consistent with the incidence of K deficiency in the field; predicting these deficiencies using soil exchangeable concentrations was less clear. This study advances the interpretation of soil and foliar chemistry in relation to K and Mg deficiency in P. radiata.

scholarly journals Ornamental Tree Growth with Basin-applied Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Lawrence R. Costello ◽  
W. Douglas Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Control Chemical ◽  
Camphor Tree

Cider gum (Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. F.), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), and camphor tree [Cinnamonium camphora (L.) J. Presl] were evaluated in a field study comparing the effects of herbicides on tree growth. Trees were planted on 13 May 1983 and treated on 20 May 1983, 10 Apr. 1984, and 4 Oct. 1984 with simazine, oryzalin, napropamide, and oxyfluorfen. Glyphosate was applied as a postemergence treatment in all basins on 20 Mar. 1984. None of the herbicides injured the trees. Trunk circumferencesin treated plots increased as much as 553% over untreated plots. All species showed a positive response to increasing weed control. Chemical names used: 6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide (oryzalin); N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-propanamide (napropamide); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate).

Optimising spot weed control regimes forPinus radiataplantations

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 759-766
Author(s):  
Brian Richardson ◽  
Mark O. Kimberley ◽  
Carol A. Rolando ◽  
Graham W. Coker ◽  
Stefan Gous
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Time Shift ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spot Diameter ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Herbicide Use

Spot spraying, in which only the area around individual trees is treated, is an important method of herbicide application during establishment of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) in New Zealand. Minimising the spot size reduces costs and has possible environmental benefits from reduced overall herbicide use. An analysis of six experiments at five separate sites tested the growth response of P. radiata to spot weed control on sites dominated by herbaceous vegetation, usually as a result of oversowing with a mixture of grasses and legumes. The analysis showed that, on sites dominated by herbaceous weeds, the reduction in rotation length achieved by applying total weed control compared with no postplant weed control ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 years and averaged 0.9 years. A spot diameter of 1 m maintained for 1 year achieved 28% of the benefit of total weed control, whereas a spot diameter of 2 m maintained for 1 year achieved 66% of the benefit. Generally, there was little benefit in maintaining spots beyond 1 year. An economic analysis indicated that weed control of any kind was generally unprofitable when the time-shift gain from weed control was 0.4 years or less but highly profitable for sites with a time shift of 1.6 years or more.

scholarly journals The influence of stocking levels, clone, fertilization, and weed control on surface CO2 efflux in a mid-rotation Pinus radiata D. Don plantation in Canterbury, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan KC ◽  
Euan G. Mason ◽  
Horacio E. Bown
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Four Seasons

AbstractSilvicultural practices applied in managed forest plantations may help counteract the effects of climate change by influencing soil surface CO2 efflux (Fs). Understanding the effects of silvicultural practices on Fs will provide unbiased estimates of carbon fluxes and allow better silvicultural decisions for carbon sequestration. Therefore, we assessed how Fs differed seasonally across silvicultural practices (i.e., stocking levels, clone, fertilization and weed control treatments) and evaluated the effects of soil temperature (Ts) and soil volumetric water content (θv) on Fs across these practices for a mid-rotation (14 year-old) Pinus radiata plantation in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. There were significant differences in Fs (p < 0.05) over the four seasons, three levels of stocking, and five clones. The effects of fertilization and weed control applied 12 years previously on Fs were insignificant. Annual estimate of Fs (mean ± 1 standard deviation) from the study site was 22.7 ± 7.1 t ha−1 a−1 in the form of CO2 (6.2 ± 2.1 t ha−1 a−1 in the form of C). Fs values were consistently higher in plots with 1250 stems ha−1 compared to 2500 stems ha−1, which may be related to a strong soil resource limitation because of the close spacing in the latter plantation. Significant differences in Fs across clones suggest that variations in carbon partitioning might explain their growth performance. Silvicultural treatments influenced Fs response to soil temperature (p < 0.05), resulting in models explaining 28–49% of the total variance in Fs. These findings provide insights into how silvicultural management decisions may impact Fs in mid-rotation radiata pine plantations, contributing towards developing more precise and unbiased plantation carbon budgets.

scholarly journals Optimum spot weed control treatment for a New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
S.F. Gous ◽  
B. Richardson ◽  
M.O. Kimberley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Longterm Treatment ◽  
Control Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

A trial was established in the South Island of New Zealand to investigate the response of Pinus radiata to varying the area and duration of weed control around individual trees Results after six years demonstrated that weed control was essential to ensure maximum survival and growth of Pinus radiata seedlings Maintaining weed control for two seasons following planting resulted in marginally higher stand productivity than where weed control was applied in the year of planting only A modelling approach was used to determine treatment effects in terms of a time difference and to make inferences on longterm treatment effects Without weed control tree volume six years after planting was more than 15 years behind trees given complete weed control Spot vegetation control resulted in similar tree growth to total control as long as the area and duration of weed control was greater than a 1 m spot maintained for 1 year

scholarly journals Ease of Access to an Alternative Food Source Enables Wallabies to Strip Bark in Tasmanian Pinus Radiata Plantations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Smith ◽  
David Ratkowsky ◽  
Timothy Wardlaw ◽  
Caroline Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Generalist Herbivore ◽  
Ease Of Access

Bark stripping by the Bennett&rsquo;s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) from the lower stems of 3&ndash;6-year-old radiata pine (Pinus radiata) causes significant damage in Tasmanian plantations. The usual diet of this generalist herbivore is mainly grasses and broadleaved forbs. As the factors that attract wallabies to supplement its diet by eating the bark of plantation pine trees are currently not elucidated, the present study aimed to determine how the incidence and severity of bark damage in 12 Tasmanian radiata pine plantations was influenced by various inter-site factors such as the floristic composition of the surrounding forest and by various intra-site factors such as the height and circumference of individual trees, the number of branches in the first two whorls at the base of the tree, and their internode lengths. Site differences in the observed percentage of bark stripping were found to be related to &lsquo;ease of access&rsquo; variables such as bare ground, bracken, and moss, &lsquo;hindrance to access&rsquo; variables such as rock and woody debris, and the percentage of grass, the wallaby&rsquo;s main food source, present in the five plots at each site. The difference between the mean minimum soil and air temperatures in spring, a driving force for carbohydrate production that occurs with tree growth in spring or early summer, was the only meteorological observation at the sites that was found to be statistically significant. Nevertheless, there was no direct evidence that it was the movement of sugars in the phloem tissue accompanying tree growth which provided wallabies with a supplementary food source.

Effect of boron fertiliser, weed control and genotype on foliar nutrients and tree growth of juvenile Pinus radiata at two contrasting sites in New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 255 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1196-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya T. Olykan ◽  
Jianming Xue ◽  
Peter W. Clinton ◽  
Malcolm F. Skinner ◽  
Doug J. Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Foliar Nutrients
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