The influence of stocking levels, clone, fertilization, and weed control on surface CO2 efflux in a mid-rotation Pinus radiata D. Don plantation in Canterbury, New Zealand

AbstractSilvicultural practices applied in managed forest plantations may help counteract the effects of climate change by influencing soil surface CO2 efflux (Fs). Understanding the effects of silvicultural practices on Fs will provide unbiased estimates of carbon fluxes and allow better silvicultural decisions for carbon sequestration. Therefore, we assessed how Fs differed seasonally across silvicultural practices (i.e., stocking levels, clone, fertilization and weed control treatments) and evaluated the effects of soil temperature (Ts) and soil volumetric water content (θv) on Fs across these practices for a mid-rotation (14 year-old) Pinus radiata plantation in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. There were significant differences in Fs (p < 0.05) over the four seasons, three levels of stocking, and five clones. The effects of fertilization and weed control applied 12 years previously on Fs were insignificant. Annual estimate of Fs (mean ± 1 standard deviation) from the study site was 22.7 ± 7.1 t ha−1 a−1 in the form of CO2 (6.2 ± 2.1 t ha−1 a−1 in the form of C). Fs values were consistently higher in plots with 1250 stems ha−1 compared to 2500 stems ha−1, which may be related to a strong soil resource limitation because of the close spacing in the latter plantation. Significant differences in Fs across clones suggest that variations in carbon partitioning might explain their growth performance. Silvicultural treatments influenced Fs response to soil temperature (p < 0.05), resulting in models explaining 28–49% of the total variance in Fs. These findings provide insights into how silvicultural management decisions may impact Fs in mid-rotation radiata pine plantations, contributing towards developing more precise and unbiased plantation carbon budgets.

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Optimum spot weed control treatment for a New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6032 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 56 ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

S.F. Gous ◽

B. Richardson ◽

M.O. Kimberley

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Weed Control ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Vegetation Control ◽

Longterm Treatment ◽

Control Tree ◽

Individual Trees

A trial was established in the South Island of New Zealand to investigate the response of Pinus radiata to varying the area and duration of weed control around individual trees Results after six years demonstrated that weed control was essential to ensure maximum survival and growth of Pinus radiata seedlings Maintaining weed control for two seasons following planting resulted in marginally higher stand productivity than where weed control was applied in the year of planting only A modelling approach was used to determine treatment effects in terms of a time difference and to make inferences on longterm treatment effects Without weed control tree volume six years after planting was more than 15 years behind trees given complete weed control Spot vegetation control resulted in similar tree growth to total control as long as the area and duration of weed control was greater than a 1 m spot maintained for 1 year

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Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from Pinus radiata logs imported from New Zealand to Korea

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b04-170 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 272-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Gyu-Hyeok Kim ◽

Jae-Jin Kim ◽

Young Woon Lim ◽

Colette Breuil

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽

Ophiostoma Piceae ◽

Leptographium Procerum ◽

Native Fungi ◽

Ophiostoma Floccosum ◽

Ophiostoma Piliferum

Ophiostomatoid fungi discolor lumber, logs, and tree sapwood. Stained wood has a lower market value and can be refused by importing customers because such products can potentially carry pathogenic fungi. Little information is available on the ophiostomatoid fungi that colonize Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) logs imported from New Zealand into Korea. In this work, we attempted to identify the native and non-native fungi colonizing wood imported into Korea. At least 12 species of ophiostomatoid fungi, including an unknown Ophiostoma sp. A, were identified among the fungi-staining radiata pine. They were Leptographium procerum (Kendr.) Wingf., Leptographium bistatum Kim & Kim, Ophiostoma floccosum Mathiesen, Ophiostoma huntii (Rob.) Hoog & Scheff., Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., Ophiostoma nigrocarpum (David.) Hoog, Ophiostoma piceae (Münch) H. & P. Sydow, Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. & P. Sydow, Ophiostoma quercus (Georgév.) Nannf., Ophiostoma radiaticola Kim et al., and Ophiostoma setosum Uzunovic et al. Of these species, O. floccosum was the dominant species in both logs and boards. We confirmed that many of the sapstain species that we isolated have been previously reported in Korea. However, four species, O. radiatcola, O. setosum, O. huntii, and O. nigrocarpum have not been reported previously in Korea. We also found the new species, L. bistatum, along with an unknown Ophiostoma sp. A.Key words: radiata pine, ophiostomatoid fungi, New Zealand, non-native organisms, β-tubulin gene.

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Soil and foliar chemistry associated with potassium deficiency in Pinus radiata

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x06-307 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 1093-1105 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Philip Smethurst ◽

Andrew Knowles ◽

Keith Churchill ◽

Ann Wilkinson ◽

Arthur Lyons

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Growth Response ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Foliar Chemistry ◽

K Deficiency ◽

K Fertilization

We required an improved understanding of K deficiency and diagnosis in Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine). A rapid growth response to K fertilization (100 kg·ha–1) in the presence of weed control confirmed K deficiency in a 2-year-old stand. Tree growth did not respond to N fertilization, and weed control alone appeared insufficient to maximize tree growth. Temporal patterns in visual symptoms of K deficiency suggested they were worst at the end of a drought, and improved after several months of above-average rainfall that coincided with an increase in soil temperature. Soil chemistry generally responded predictably to fertilization, but K fertilization increased soil solution Ca and Mg concentrations without changing exchangeable concentrations. With weed control, a doubling of stem growth response to K fertilizer was associated with a 270% increase in soil solution K (natural variation amongst control plots), 51% increase in exchangeable K, and 39% increase in foliar K. Relationships between seedling growth and hydroponic concentrations of K were consistent with the incidence of K deficiency in the field; predicting these deficiencies using soil exchangeable concentrations was less clear. This study advances the interpretation of soil and foliar chemistry in relation to K and Mg deficiency in P. radiata.

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A New Breeding Strategy for Pinus radiata in New Zealand and New South Wales

Silvae Genetica ◽

10.1515/sg-2009-0004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (1-6) ◽

pp. 28-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

H. S. Dungey ◽

J. T. Brawner ◽

F. Burger ◽

M. Carson ◽

M. Henson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Breeding Strategy ◽

Forward Selection ◽

Additional Increase ◽

South Wales ◽

New Strategy

Abstract A new breeding strategy is presented for the Radiata Pine Breeding Company, a New Zealand based research consortium, that drives the breeding program for Pinus radiata for both the New Zealand and New South Wales based Australian forest plantation industry. The new strategy builds on the existing base for P. radiata, and on the last strategy review in 2000. The new strategy comprises a large open-pollinated (OP) Main Population (MP) with 500 female parents and two sublines (250 female parents per subline). The MP will be tested using alpha designs, single-tree plots and incomplete blocks to maximise efficiency. Each subline will be tested on four sites, geographically distant from the other subline. The MP will be managed in discrete generations. Selection of the next generation will be using a combination of backward and forward selection, but the strict control of inbreeding with identified lineage will rely on the development of parental reconstruction for OP progeny. There are alternatives to this, however, such as estimating the group coancestry and accepting some additional increase in inbreeding. This is a new and significant departure from previous breeding strategies for P. radiata in New Zealand. There will also be a single, small Elite Population (EP), tested 50% as progeny and 50% as clones. Twenty four parents will be tested each year as clones and 24 as seedling progeny with some overlap between the two. It is expected that the clonal population will capture the greatest gains in traits with low heritabilities, and the half-sib progeny will capture the greatest gains in traits with high heritabilities. The two sublines will be maintained in the EP, and breeding will be managed as a rolling front with trials established every year, while trials of the MP will be established every 10 years.

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Interactions between influences of genotype and grass competition on growth and wood stiffness of juvenile radiata pine in a summer-dry environment

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x06-098 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 2454-2463 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Euan G Mason

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Dynamic Modulus ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Spot Size ◽

The Other ◽

First Year ◽

Wood Stiffness ◽

Experiment Control ◽

Four Levels

Clones of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were established in two experiments on two contrasting pasture sites in Canterbury, New Zealand, with four levels of competition from grass as main plots within each experiment. Control was extended over the first 5 years at one site, whereas grass at the other site was controlled by a single herbicidal spray immediately after planting. At the latter site, 1 m diameter spots cleared with herbicide were compared with the same size spot created using a woven mat. Grass competition added up to 3 years to a rotation, and the gain from control was correlated with spot size. Competition control was most critical during the first year after planting. Trees grown within spots cleared by mats grew more slowly than those in weed-free spots cleared with herbicide. Green dynamic modulus of elasticity was related to genotype and increased with both slenderness and higher levels of pruning. Significant interactions between genotype and level of competition were observed for growth, indicating that choice of genotype can be a useful way of coping with pasture competition if managers wish to reduce the use of herbicides.

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EFFECTS OF HEATING AND INSULATING SOIL ON CORN GROWTH

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss70-050 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 379-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. W. KETCHESON

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Phosphorus Uptake ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Electric Heating ◽

Early Growth ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Advanced Development

Interacting effects of controlled heat from electric heating cables 15 cm below the surface and of polystyrene insulation on the soil surface were studied over four seasons on an imperfectly drained outwash soil at Guelph, Canada. Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days, improved emergence, advanced growth and increased yield at maturity. Insulation retarded germination, early growth and silking, but increased yields in three of the four years. Where heating decreased ear moisture content at harvest, insulation increased it. Heat combined with insulation gave the greatest response in growth, advance in silking, and increase in yield. The season with favorable soil temperature combined with low air temperature gave the highest yield of the four years. Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced development and increased yields, but did not produce a statistically significant interacting effect with heat and insulation. However, fertilizer phosphorus uptake early in the season was markedly increased by heat and insulation. It was concluded that insulation can favor yield, provided that soil temperature is maintained near optimum.

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Effects of harvesting and soil disturbance on soil CO2 efflux from a jack pine forest

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-258 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 589-600 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Robert L Fleming ◽

Michael F Laporte ◽

Gary D Hogan ◽

Paul W Hazlett

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Soil Removal ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Soil Disturbance ◽

Co2 Efflux ◽

Near Surface

We measured organic matter removal and soil compaction effects on soil surface CO2 efflux (F) from a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest and developed an analytical framework involving multiplicative response functions to interpret response. Treatments included stem-only harvest (OM0C0), full-tree harvest (OM1C0), full-tree harvest with surface soil removal (OM2C0), full-tree harvest with surface soil removal and soil compaction (OM2C2), and uncut forest (UF). Mean F and calculated F at 10 °C under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions (F10) were greatest in treatments with intact organic surfaces and often larger in the OM2C0 than in the OM2C2. F10 showed strong linear relationships with detrital production in harvested plots, with total near-surface carbon in all plots, and was positively correlated with understory cover. F increased exponentially with soil temperature, with the most and least pronounced responses found in the UF and OM2C0 treatments, respectively. F also responded in parabolic fashion to relative soil water content. In the UF, F was often low in May because of cold soils, but subsequently attained rates equivalent to those of the OM0C0 and OM1C0, despite lower soil temperatures. Three to five growing seasons after treatment, soil temperature and moisture, together with F10, explained 71%87% of the plot-level variation in F.

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Abiotic CO<sub>2</sub> sources confound interpretation of temperature responses of in situ respiration in geothermally warmed forest soils of Iceland

10.5194/bg-2019-213 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Marja Maljanen ◽

Heli Yli-Moijala ◽

Bjarni Didrik Sigurdsson ◽

Christina Biasi

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Isotope Analysis ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Volcanic Area ◽

Co2 Efflux ◽

Soil Co2 ◽

13C Isotope ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

Subsurface Soil ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and δ13C in CO2 were measured along a natural geothermal soil temperature (Ts) gradient in upland Sitka spruce forest soil in a volcanic area in Iceland in July 2014 and 2016. The gradient that reaches from ambient soil temperature up to 40 °C warming at 10 cm depth was originally formed in May 2008, following a major earthquake. The CO2 efflux from the forest floor was measured using the static chamber method. In addition, subsurface soil CO2 concentrations and δ13C values of CO2 were studied. In summer 2014, soil surface CO2 efflux increased steadily with increasing soil temperature across a temperature gradient of 40 °C (from 260 to 3900 mg m−2 h−1). In 2016 the trend had changed; the maximum CO2 efflux (2100 mg m−2 h−1) was measured at 20 °C Ts warming and a similar nonlinear trend was observed in soil CO2 concentrations in 2016. The 13C isotope analysis of CO2 suggested that a proportion of the CO2 emitted from the warmer plots was geothermally derived. The plot with the highest geothermal source was different in 2014 and 2016, which explained the shift in the temperature dependence of the total CO2 efflux. Our study showed that a significant amount of CO2 emitted from the higher warming levels of geothermal temperature gradients can have non-biotic origin and this has to be taken into account when measuring respiration fluxes on such volcanic sites.

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Control of weeds by paper mulch in vegetables and trees

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6938 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 37-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K.C. Harrington ◽

T.A. Bedford

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Weed Control ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Vegetable Crops

A commercially available paper mulch (EcoCover) was assessed for its persistence under field conditions and its ability to control weeds in vegetable crops and establishing trees Weeds were controlled as effectively by EcoCover in autumnplanted cabbage and lettuce crops as by black polythene mulches The paper mulch was beginning to break down by the time the crop was harvested Paper mulch that was buried decayed much faster than when left on the soil surface EcoCover was compared with residual herbicides black weed mat and another paper mulch (Korromatt) for controlling weeds under trees planted in spring Both types of paper mulch were prone to being dislodged by wind at exposed sites but otherwise provided weed control for about 6 months after being laid The potential uses of paper mulches for weed control in New Zealand are discussed

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