The importance of fruit set, fruit abortion, and pollination success in fruit production of teak (Tectona grandis)

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2204-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Palupi ◽  
J. N. Owens ◽  
S. Sadjad ◽  
Sudarsono ◽  
D. D. Solihin
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Fruit Abortion

Teak ( Tectona grandis L.) is believed to have been introduced from India 400–500 years ago and there appear to be no old-growth natural forests. However, Indonesia has many teak plantation forests and 40%–50% of seeds for reforestation come from seed orchards and the remainder from plantations. In both, flower and fruit abortion results in low fruit set and thus seed production. We investigated flower and fruit development in a clonal seed orchard in East Java in 1999 and 2001 using cross- and open-pollinated trees. The rates of abortion using cross-pollinations showed a similar pattern but were lower than for open-pollinations. The highest rate of abortion in cross- and open-pollinations was during pollination and fertilization, ranging 11%–23% and 31%–32%/day, respectively, less during fruit initiation (5%–6% and 6%–8%/day) and the lowest was during fruit maturation (<0.5%/day). Cross-pollinations increased fruit production by 10-fold compared with open-pollinations. About 30% of flowers were pollinated with an average of five pollen grains per stigma in open-pollinations. Pollen viability varied among clones and time of day but was not affected by position of flowers in an inflorescence. We conclude that low pollination success and low pollen viability are major causes for low fruit production in teak and are related to insect pollinators.

The pollination ecology of the late-successional tree, Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) in Thailand

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuanjit Srithongchuay ◽  
Sara Bumrungsri ◽  
Ekapong Sripao-raya
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Load ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Oroxylum Indicum ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Multiple Species

Abstract:Although plant species that attract multiple species of pollinators predominate in tropical plant communities, pollination specialists appear to be at a greater advantage in tropical ecosystems in which pollinators are numerous and many plants flower synchronously. The present study determined the breeding system and legitimate pollinators ofOroxylum indicumVent. in Songkhla and Patthalung Provinces, Thailand.Oroxylum indicumexhibits steady-state flowering, with one or two flowers per inflorescence opening each night. Flowers open in the evening and drop off shortly after midnight, while its bilabiate stigma is highly sensitive, and quickly close upon being touched.Oroxylum indicumis self-incompatible. Hand-cross pollination and open pollination yielded the highest pollination success (47.7% and 31.2% respectively, n = 7 trees). About 900 pollen grains are needed for initiating fruit set. It is confirmed that a fruit bat,Eonycteris spelaea, is the legitimate pollinator. Bats are responsible for all pollen load and the pollen load from only one visit is generally sufficient to initiate fruit set. AlthoughEonycteris spelaeais effective, it is an inefficient pollinator. Compared with plant species pollinated by multiple animal species, the likelihood of pollination failure resulting from the decline in populations ofEonycteris spelaeawill be much more intense inOroxylum indicum.

scholarly journals Metabolite profiling in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) pollen grains in relation to viability

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
K S Shivashankara ◽  
G A Geetha ◽  
T K Roy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Viability Percentage ◽  
Pollination And Fertilization

Mango productivity is affected mainly by irregular flowering, proportion of bisexual flowers, poor pollination and fertilization and fruit drop. Poor fruit set in some of the varieties may be associated with the lower pollen viability. The present experiment was initiated to assess the viability of pollen grains and their metabolites in three mango cultivars Amrapali, Alphonso and Totapuri which are differing in their fruit set intensity. The profiling of sugars, amino acids and some of the phytohormones were analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Assessment of pollen grains in three mango cultivars indicated that free sugars such as fructose and glucose, and available amino acids including serine, proline, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and glutamic acid were predominantly higher in all the cultivars. Phytohormones like IAA, IBA, ABA, GA,zeatin, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were significantly different in low fruit setting cultivars Alphonso and Totapuri compared to high fruit setting cultivar Amrapali. In cv. Alphonso all the metabolites were higher at anthesis but later decreased drastically compared to cvs. Totapuri and Amrapali. Pollen viability percentage was significantly higher in cv. Amrapali than in cvs. Totapuri, Alphonso. Among all the cultivars, Amrapali maintained better chemical composition at anthesis and also at two hours after anthesis compared to cvs. Totapuri and Alphonso.

scholarly journals 587 Physiological Factors Limiting Tomato Fruitset at Moderately Elevated Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 497E-498
Author(s):  
M.M. Peet ◽  
S. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Mild Heat

The effects of chronic, mild heat stress on fruit set, fruit production, release of pollen grains, photosynthesis, night respiration, and anther dehiscence were ex-amined in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) differing in high temperature sensitivity. Plants were grown under three temperature regimes: 1) 28/22 or 26/22 °C (optimal temperature) 2) 32/26 °C (high temperature), and 3) 32/26 °C day/night temperatures relieved at 28/22 °C for 10 days before anthesis, then returned to 32/26 °C (relieving treatment). `FLA 7156' was the only cultivar with fruit set at 32/26 °C. All five cultivars, however, had fruit set in the relieving treatment (RT). The longer the relief, the higher was the percentage of fruit set. Longer periods of relief also increased the number of pollen grains released and linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the number of pollen grains released and the percentage of fruit set. Germination of pollen grains was also lowered in high-temperature-grown plants. The number of pollen grains produced, photosynthesis, and night respiration did not limit fruit set under chronic, mild heat stress, however. This suggested that cultivar differences in ability to release pollen and to produce viable pollen under heat stress are the most important factors determining their ability to set fruit.

Fruit set in lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Variation between flowers, panicles and trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA McConchie ◽  
DJ Batten
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Female Phase ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Female Flowers

The ability of lychee cv. Bengal (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) female flowers to produce fruit has been investigated within individual panicles. Female flowers were pollinated with pollen from the same cultivar or removed manually. These experiments showed that 13.3% of the flowers opening on the first three days of the female phase of anthesis produced fruit. This was significantly fewer than the 22.8% of female flowers opening 4 to 6 days after commencement of female anthesis. Only 9.2% of flowers produced fruit on panicles in which every female flower was pollinated and none removed. No panicle yielded more than 28 fruit. The variation in female flower fecundity within a panicle, and the decrease in the proportion of flowers that yielded fruit as the number of flowers pollinated per panicle increased imply that comparisons between different treatments to lychee flowers should be made on entire panicles and not individual flowers. There was no difference between replicates of treatments on the same tree nor in the performance of individual trees. The time of day that pollination was performed appeared to have little effect on the percentage of fruit retained. There was no obvious relationship between prevailing weather conditions on the day of pollination and fruit production.

scholarly journals Pollen Grain and Hybridization Studies in the Genus Capsicum

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomi Lois OLATUNJI ◽  
Joseph Akintade MORAKINYO
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Capsicum Species

The current study aimed to evaluate the pollen viability of the commonly cultivated varieties of Capsicum species and assessed the potentials for gene exchange among the genotypes through hybridization studies. Capsicum annuum var. abbreviatum, C. annuum var. acuminatum, C. annuum var. grossum and C. frutescens var. baccatum were the species and varieties used in this study. The present findings indicated that the percentage of pollen viability varied in the studied Capsicum genotypes. The highest pollen viability was obtained in C. annuum var. abbreviatum (96.3%), followed by C. annuum var. grossum (95%), and C. annuum var. acuminatum (91.1%). The lowest pollen viability was recorded in C. frutescens var. baccatum (86.2%). The pollen viability was high in most varieties indicating that meiosis is normal, resulting in viable pollen grains. Several intraspecific and interspecific crosses were performed among the Capsicum genotypes and three putative hybrid fruits were produced. Percentage successes obtained in the crosses were low and comparable in both intra and inter-specific crosses. In the entire crosses pattern, pollination success of 10% was recorded for C. frutescens var. baccatum and C. annuum var. acuminatum. Knowing the nature and viability of pollen grains may help in predicting the success rate of hybridization and the successful crosses between C. frutescens var. baccatum and C. annuum var. acuminatum suggest that these two varieties are the closest genetically. 

Tropical fruit production depends on wild insect communities: bees and lychees in Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Khwankhao Sinhaseni ◽  
Carla P. Catterall
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Mesh Bags

Abstract The importance of wild insects as pollinators of tropical tree crops has rarely been tested. Across 18 small-scale lychee orchards in northern Thailand, we evaluated the roles of different wild insects as pollinators and predators of pests in fruit production. Quantitative assessments showed that bees (Family Apidae) were strongly dominant (83%) among insect flower visitors, comprising four species in tribes Apini and four in Meliponini. Experimental manipulations of inflorescences showed that fruit production in these orchards was: (1) dependent on flower visits by wild insects because enclosure of inflorescences in mesh bags decreased fruit set (to one-fifth) and (2) not greatly limited by pollinator deficiencies, because hand pollination of unbagged flowers did not enhance fruit set. Pollination success, as indicated by the proportion of unmanipulated flowers setting fruit, correlated positively across orchards with the abundance of large-bodied Apidae (>7 mm; most were Apis species) and of Apini, and negatively with abundance of small-bodied Apidae and of all Meliponini, despite the latter being the commonest flower visitors. We conclude that larger-bodied bees are most likely to travel sufficiently far to import genetically diverse pollen, in this landscape-scale mosaic where non-orchard habitats (both agriculture and treed patches) were sufficient to sustain wild pollinators.

scholarly journals Fruit Set in Avocado: Pollen Limitation, Pollen Load Size, and Selective Fruit Abortion

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1603
Author(s):  
María L. Alcaraz ◽  
José I. Hormaza
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Fruit Abortion ◽  
Load Size ◽  
Competition For Resources

Avocado is a woody perennial fruit crop originating in Central America and Mexico domesticated and cultivated in the Americas since pre-Columbian times, currently cultivated in subtropical, tropical, and Mediterranean climates worldwide, with increasing importance in international trade. Avocado shows an exuberant flower production that, however, results in a very low fruit set reflected in a massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets. Several factors are involved in this behavior, and, in this work, we have focused on pollination limitation. The results obtained show that pollen deposition takes place at the female and male stages during the avocado flowering season and that the percentage of flowers with pollen on the stigma varies along the flowering season, probably due to changes in temperature that affect not only the floral behavior but also pollinator activity. However, no embryo or endosperm development took place when pollination occurred during the male flowering phase. Thus, the low number of pollen grains landing on the stigmas of female stage flowers observed under natural pollination conditions might not be enough to ensure a good yield. The production of an excess of flowers and subsequent flower drop of most of the flowers provides the opportunity of a selective fruitlet drop depending on the genotype of the embryo since fruits derived from outcrossing showed higher chances of reaching maturity. Moreover, an important competition for resources occurs among developing fruits and new vegetative growth, conferring importance to the time of flower fertilization for effective fruit set.

scholarly journals Addition of Forchlorfenuron to Spray Pollination Media Increases Fruit Set in ‘Hosui’ Japanese Pear

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Daisuke Sakamoto ◽  
Shinnosuke Kusaba ◽  
Yuri Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Acceptable Method

The effects on fruit set of adding forchlorfenuron (CPPU) to media in which pollen grains were suspended and used for spray pollination was investigated in ‘Hosui’ japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). The percentages of fruit set after spray pollination were lower than those after hand pollination; however, media with 2 or 10 mg·L−1 CPPU used for spray pollination resulted in greater percentages of fruit set than media without CPPU. The media with CPPU also resulted in higher levels of pollen germination compared with the medium without CPPU; however, the number of seeds per fruit with CPPU treatment tended to be almost the same or less than for fruit without CPPU treatment. From these results, the higher levels of fruit set by CPPU might not be due to the high germination rate of the pollen grains but due to the induction of partial parthenocarpic properties. The medium with 10 mg·L−1 CPPU gave the highest levels of fruit set, but the fruit had abnormally thickened and enlarged calyxes, and the fruit shape tended to be deformed at ≈21 days after flowering. In addition, all of the harvested fruit were calyx-perpetual fruit in which the calyx remains until harvest time. Fruit treated with 2 mg·L−1 CPPU also yielded calyx-perpetual fruit with high frequency, but the fruit had normal calyxes and the fruit shape tended to be more normal. Thus, we conducted experiments focusing on the medium containing 2 mg·L−1 CPPU. Although the results were variable from year to year, more than 70% of hand-pollinated flowers set fruit during the 3-year study; this level of fruit production is sufficient for practical use. Thus, spray pollination using a medium with 2 mg·L−1 CPPU is an acceptable method for pollinating ‘Hosui’ japanese pear.

scholarly journals Blueberry Floral Attributes and Their Effect on the Pollination Efficiency of an Oligolectic Bee, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell (Megachilidae: Apoidea)

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair J. Sampson ◽  
Stephen J. Stringer ◽  
Donna A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Solitary Bee ◽  
Pollination Efficiency ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Berry Size ◽  
Fruit Abortion

We evaluated relationships between floral traits of 23 genotypes of southern blueberries and indices of pollination efficiency (fruit set, fruit abortion, seed number, and berry size) for Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, a manageable solitary bee. Flower size in Vaccinium and presumably ovary size were proportional to berry size, except for the tiny blooms of one V. tenellum clone (NC7808), which produce large commercial-sized berries of ≈2 g. Longer-styled blueberry flowers visited by O. ribifloris produced the heaviest berries with the most seeds. Osmia ribifloris reliably pollinated ‘Climax’ and ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberries. However, the peculiarly misshapen blooms of ‘Premier’ rabbiteye blueberry receive less pollination from O. ribifloris and yield berries containing 25% fewer seeds. Fruit set for these misshapen ‘Premier’ flowers was equivalent to that of intact flowers indicating that this floral polymorphism would not greatly alter cultivar performance. For seven Vaccinium species, wild and cultivated alike, 80% to 100% of a plant’s fruit production depends on efficient cross-pollination by bees such as O. ribifloris.

scholarly journals On the reproductive biology of Salacia fruticosa Wall. ex M.A. Lawson - an endemic medicinal plant of the Western Ghats, india

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 13002-13005
Author(s):  
K. Subin ◽  
P. A. Jose ◽  
T. V. Sarath
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Seedling Bank ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Endemic Medicinal Plant ◽  
The Western Ghats

Salacia fruticosa Wall. ex M.A. Lawson, an endemic species was studied for the reproductive biology as this species showed reduced fruit set and natural regeneration.  The stigma-anther proximity, an extremely low number of pollen grains, a short period of pollen viability, a sparse incidence of pollinators, protandrous and facultative autogamous nature of the flowers and a low percent in fruit set were identified as biological constraints for the species.  The incidence of seed pest was added to the poor seed and seedling bank and accelerated rarity process of the species.

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