Bark Thickness and Bark Resin Cavities on Young Lodgepole Pine in Relation to Hylobiuswarreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cerezke
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Cavity Size ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Feeding Zone ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Lower Stem

Some patterns of bark thickness and bark resin cavity size, density, and their proportionate area in the inner bark on lateral roots, root-collar, and lower stem of 20–25-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) are described in relation to the oviposition and larval feeding-zone of the weevil, Hylobiuswarreni Wood. The oviposition and feeding-zone occurred where bark thickness was maximal, but where the density of cavities and their proportionate area occupied in the bark were low.

Effects of Partial Girdling on Growth in Lodgepole Pine with Application to Damage by the Weevil Hylobiuswarreni Wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cerezke
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Root Collar

Leader growth and radial increment on the stem and main lateral roots during three consecutive years following partial girdling treatment were analyzed on 25- to 30-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) from a natural stand in west-central Alberta. Simulation of the larval feeding wounds of the weevil, Hylobiuswarreni Wood, consisted of the removal of a 7-mm-wide band of bark from 0% (control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90% of the root-collar circumference of 58 sample trees.Partial girdling reduced leader elongation and radial increment of the leader and lateral roots. Leader height decreased with increased girdling of the root-collar during each of the three post-treatment years. Below the leader, partial girdling of the root-collar did not affect radial increment in the first year, caused an increase during the second year, and a decrease in the third year. At 2 cm above the partial girdles, radial growth above the girdled side of stems was always less than that on the nongirdled side and showed a trend of increase with increased girdling on both girdled and nongirdled sides of the stem. Radial increment was considerably reduced on lateral roots extending below girdle wounds during the three post-treatment years. Two graphs are prepared which can be used to estimate height and radial increment losses in young pine stands infested by H. warreni.

Survival of the Weevil, Hylobiuswarreni Wood, in Lodgepole Pine Stumps

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cerezke
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year ◽  
Feeding Zone

Survival of the weevil, Hylobiuswarreni Wood, in lodgepole pine stumps was examined over a 5-year period in a clearcut area near Robb, Alberta. Larvae continued to develop in the stumps for 2 years after tree removal, although an estimated 88.4% of the larval population apparently died, but none were found in the third year. In the fourth year after cutting, an increase in weevil abundance occurred in adjacent uncut trees. Numbers of newly developed adults in the clearcut areas one year after cutting were about the same as in the uncut areas, but were much higher than in the uncut areas in the second year. The increased rate of weevil development and high numbers of adults in clearcut areas during the second season was attributed to higher temperatures in the larval feeding zone of the stumps. The effects of clearcutting on the surviving adult weevils are discussed and recommendations are made for using clearcutting as a method for weevil control.

Spread of Armillariaostoyae in juvenile lodgepole pine stands in west central Alberta

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Klein-Gebbinck ◽  
P. V. Blenis ◽  
Y. Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Analysis ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Root Collar

Juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were excavated at three sites near Hinton, Alberta. In all cases in which Armillariaostoyae (Romagn.) Herink had become established in the root collar or taproot, it was also able to colonize lateral roots. In cases in which only lateral roots were infected, subsequent colonization generally was primarily distal to the point of infection. Rhizomorphs were associated with 89% of 21 infected roots, whereas only 19% of 70 roots with no associated rhizomorphs were infected. Stumps, roots, and debris from the previous generation of trees were the inoculum sources for 78% of 36 infected juvenile trees, and infected regeneration served as the inoculum source for the remaining trees. Rhizomorphs occasionally were attached to the roots or rhizomes of plants other than pine, especially fireweed (Epilobiumangustifolium L.). There was no spatial relationship between stumps and symptomatic trees. Nearest neighbor analysis indicated that the likelihood of an individual tree developing symptoms was dependent on whether trees within 0.15 m were dead or dying but independent of the apparent health of trees at greater distances.

scholarly journals Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Sword Sayer ◽  
Shi-Jean Susana Sung ◽  
James D. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Cavity Size ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Primary Lateral

Abstract Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.

Armillariaostoyae in young spruce plantations

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1773-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Root Collar

Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) plantations, 4–10 years old, were examined for Armillaria root disease. The disease was found in 89% of 27 sample locations, and up to 2% of the trees were recently killed. Armillariaostoyae (Romagn.) Herink was the cause of the disease. Spruce show little reduction in stem height and diameter prior to being killed by the fungus. Lethal infections of A. ostoyae develop primarily at the root collar and are associated with root deformities and small diameters of lateral roots. Root deformities, frequently associated with growing conifer seedlings in containers, are hypothesized to predispose planted spruce to Armillaria root disease.

Root- and stem-colonizing insects recovered from eastern white pines with procerum root disease

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1712-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Nevill ◽  
S.A. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Weevil Species ◽  
Emergent Adults ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Lower Stem

In 1988, eastern white pines (Pinusstrobus L.) from four southwestern Virginia Christmas tree plantations symptomatic of infection by Leptographiumprocerum (Kendr.) Wingf. were assigned to one of four symptom categories based on crown color and resin exudation at the root collar. A fifth category was added in 1989 and 1990. From each plantation, the root system and the lower stem of one tree in each symptom class was excavated monthly and examined for fungi and insects from June to September in 1988 and 1989 and from April to September in 1990. Larvae of two weevil species, Hylobiuspales (Herbst) and Pissodesnemorensis Germ., were recovered with L. procerum from 23, 17, and 21% of the trees in all symptom classes in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. Pre-emergent adults of both weevil species contaminated with L. procerum were also recovered from excavated stems. Bark beetle genera (family Scolytidae), including Pityogenes, Xyleborus, Orthotomicus, Ips, and Pityophthorus, were recovered with L. procerum from 10, 11, and 8% of diseased trees with advanced symptoms in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. The association of these insects, especially H. pales and P. nemorensis, with L. procerum throughout the decline of the host adds further evidence that they may act as vectors of the fungus.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Chemically Root-pruned Cork Oak Seedlings in the Nursery

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
M. Pardos ◽  
J.A. Pardos ◽  
G. Montero
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Latex Paint ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings of two Iberian provenances (PA-SR and SM-Lp) were grown for one growing season in non-treated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with white exterior latex paint containing 80 g CuCO3/liter. Copper carbonate-treated containers effectively prevented root deformation and decreased the amount of circled, kinked and matted roots formed at the container wall-medium interface. Root morphology was altered by the copper coating, so elongation of lateral roots contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces was more reduced than that of the tap root (82.7% vs 1.5%). These lateral roots showed higher branching frequency than roots contacting untreated container walls. CuCO3 treatment decreased root collar diameter, but did not influence seedling height, leaf area and tap root length. No sign of copper toxicity was observed in any seedling treated with CuCO3. Provenance had a significant effect on height, root collar diameter, tap root length and root weight per unit length; these results may reflect differences in growth habit of the two provenances. Other growth parameters measured were affected by a copper × provenance interaction. Seedlings of the PA-SR provenance produced less root and plant dry wt when grown in CuCO3-treated than in control containers, but shoot:root ratio was not influenced.

Relationship between spacing and nitrogen fertilization of seedlings in the nursery, seedling size, and outplanting performance

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Wide Spacing ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Root Collar

Nursery sowings of coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong) Carr), and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) were thinned to different spacings 5 weeks after germination. Spacings in the drills, which were 15 cm apart, were 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 cm, with the nursery sowing rate (about 0.6-cm spacing) as control. Spacings were applied factorially with three levels of N fertilizer: 60, 140, and 235 kg N ha−1. Two-year-old seedlings were planted out at Campbell River (coastal Douglas-fir) and Port Alice (Sitka spruce), both on Vancouver Island, and at Lyne Creek (interior Douglas-fir) in the Cariboo region and at Fulton Lake (lodgepole pine) in the Prince Rupert region of British Columbia. Wider spacing and greater N supply increased 2-0 seedling dry weight, root-collar diameter, and shoot height and also affected distribution of dry matter between needles, stems, and roots. Wider spacing increased survival of outplanted interior Douglas-fir by 12%. Survival of coastal Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce species was high and only increased 4 to 7% due to wide spacing after one season, but after three seasons wide spacing increased survival 17 – 19%. Compared with control, 12-cm spacing increased first-season shoot growth 53% for coastal Douglas-fir, 82% for interior Douglas-fir, and 71% for Sitka spruce. Second-season shoot growth of lodgepole pine was increased 92% by the widest spacing. Much of the improved growth was explained in terms of increased seedling size. At the highest level of N supply, increasing spacing to 4 cm did not greatly reduce yield of seedlings with root-collar diameters greater than 3 mm, except for interior Douglas-fir. Thus moderate increase in spacing improved quality without materially reducing yield of seedlings per unit area of nursery. Nursery fertilization at 235 kg N ha−1 increased new-shoot growth one season after planting by 36–58% compared with the 60 kg N ha−1 level. After three seasons the effect of higher N supply was reduced to 0–42%. High N level increased survival of coastal Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce slightly, but decreased survival of interior Douglas-fir.

EMERGENCE OF IPS PINI AND HYLURGOPS POROSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM DUFF AT THE BASE OF LODGEPOLE PINES (PINACEAE) KILLED BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Safranyik ◽  
D.A. Linton ◽  
T.L. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Ips Pini ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pines ◽  
Root Collar

Lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. contorta Engelmann, killed by mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, are often subsequently infested by other scolytid species (Safranyik et al. 1996). Ips pini (Say) breeds in the phloem region of the main bole and larger branches in areas not occupied by mountain pine beetle. Adults emerge in the fall and drop to overwinter in the duff near the bases of their brood trees (Safranyik et al. 1996). Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) infests lodgepole pine (Keen 1952; Bright 1976) stumps or severely weakened trees near the root collar and in large roots (Wood 1982). We examined the pattern of emergence of I. pini and H. porosus from the duff around infested trees to describe changes in density over distance from the trees.

scholarly journals Observations on the Association between Some Buprestid and Cerambycid Beetles and Black Frankincense Resin Inducement

Diversity ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Hilary Sommerlatte ◽  
Ben-Erik Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Northern Kenya ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Larval Behaviour ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles

Samburu resin harvesters in northern Kenya maintain that frankincense resin flow from Boswellia neglecta and Commiphora confusa is induced by insect larval activity. Observations on the insects’ larval behaviour support these claims. During the frankincense harvest, buprestid beetle larvae, identified as a Sphenoptera species, are found under B. neglecta resin, eating the monoterpene-rich inner bark, which apparently stimulates the trees to produce copious amounts of fresh resin. The same behaviour was observed with cerambycid beetle larvae, identified as Neoplocaederus benningseni Kolbe, on C. confusa trees. Remarkably, these insects have developed the capacity to digest the resin-saturated inner bark and overcome the toxic, repellent characteristics of oleo-monoterpenes. The frankincense resin also appears to act as a protective covering during the insects’ larval and pupal stages. Excessive tree damage was not noted from these insect invasions. Even though the tree species are from different genera, the resin produced by both is black, with a very similar aromatic chemical profile. The question thus arises as to whether the larval feeding behaviour of these beetle species has an influence, not only on the physical appearance but also on the chemical composition of the resins.

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