Estimating the surface area of spruce and pine foliage from displaced volume and length

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1305-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Brand
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Regression Technique ◽  
Forest Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Needle Morphology ◽  
Sectional Shape

Accurate determination of the surface area of needle-leaved trees is a basic requirement for many types of physiological or growth analysis studies in forest research. While many methods are available to estimate surface area, there is still a need for an accurate, rapid measurement technique for species with three- or four-sided needle morphology. I propose a regression technique with length and displaced volume as the independent variables. The regression technique is an improvement over the use of displaced volume and length in direct geometric calculation as it does not assume a constant needle morphology. The regression technique gives more accurate results than direct calculation, is comparable in precision, and is necessary to counter bias where variation in the cross-sectional shape of foliage is related to the treatment or variable under study. Use of regression, however, requires that a subsample of foliage, representing the range of conditions to be studied, be sectioned and measured directly for surface area to develop the estimation equation.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF DEGREE OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE AND DEGREE OF OPERATING LEVERAGE ON THE SYSTEMATIC RISK OF COMMON STOCK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Khadija Younas ◽  
Muhammad Sarmad
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Regression Technique ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Wealth Maximization ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Operating Leverage ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is that the to evaluate the effect of financial leverage and operating leverage on the systematic risk of stock. In trendy competitive business era, the power to extend come of the firm is usually depends on economical use of leverage within the capital structure. Leverage is outlined as an extended term debt funding that improves the permanent financial performance yet because the success of the organization. It conjointly explained because the use borrowed funds to ascertain investment and come thereon investment however it’s a lot of risky if they can’t be ready to generate higher rate of come in compare with value of capital. For this reason, the determination of the proportion of debt and equity is one in every of the foremost essential choices that the organization faces, and any variability in leverage will influence a company’s monetary capability, risk, return, investment, strategic call and therefore the wealth maximization of organization. During this study, financial leverage and operating leverage as independent variables and systematic risk because the variable is considered. This study used a quantitative analysis style. The population of the study was created from the 8 cement industries of Pakistan. The study used secondary knowledge that was obtained from the annual audited monetary statements that had audited and revealed by securities market of Pakistan for an amount of five years between 2014 and 2019. This study used a correlation analysis and a multiple rectilinear regression technique in analyzing the collected knowledge. The study found that financial leverage and operating leverage had a big positive relationship with systematic risk of stock. This study covers that financial leverage and operating leverage have an immediate result on the systematic risk of stock in a very companies’ come. The study counseled that management of corporations listed at the securities market to draw in smart management therefore to beat the danger of stock. Whereas important at ≤ 0/05 H0 hypothesis, is rejected. Otherwise, there’s no different adequate reason for rejecting H0 hypothesis. For testing the hypothesis of this study, rectilinear regression technique has been used. In step with the results obtained, H0 is rejected because of important = zero.00< 0.05. This analysis is 100% because of all knowledge is collected from the correct places.

Relation between outer and luminal diameter in cannulated arteries

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (5) ◽  
pp. H1745-H1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Faury ◽  
Gail M. Maher ◽  
Dean Y. Li ◽  
Mark T. Keating ◽  
Robert P. Mecham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Luminal Diameter ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Determination ◽  
Knockout Animals

Resistance in blood vessels is directly related to the inner (luminal) diameter (ID). However, ID can be difficult to measure during physiological experiments because of poor transillumination of thick-walled or tightly constricted vessels. We investigated whether the wall cross-sectional area (WCSA) in cannulated arteries is nearly constant, allowing IDs to be calculated from outer diameters (OD) using a single determination of WCSA. With the use of image analysis, OD and ID were directly measured using either transillumination or a fluorescent marker in the lumen. IDs from a variety of vessel types were calculated from WCSA at several reference pressures. Calculated IDs at all of the reference WCSA were within 5% (mean <1%) of the corresponding measured IDs in all vessel types studied, including vessels from heterozygote elastin knockout animals. This was true over a wide range of transmural pressures, during treatment with agonists, and before and after treatment with KCN. In conclusion, WCSA remains virtually constant in cannulated vessels, allowing accurate determination of ID from OD measurement under a variety of experimental conditions.

Accurate Measurement on Cross Sectional Area of Single Filaments Using a Desktop SEM

2015 ◽  
Vol 1083 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Xi Ying Yang ◽  
Ou Yang Ting ◽  
You Qing Fei
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Fiber Sample ◽  
Key Parameter

Cross sectional area of single filaments, a key parameter to characterize fiber properties, was experimentally studied using a desktop scanning electron microscope. Three different methods are employed based on the pixel area, averaged diameter and single diameter measurements, respectively. Results have shown that all three methods can achieve accurate measurement results once the axis of fiber sample is kept parallel to the electron beam. Significant errors are generated for the fiber samples with their axis tilted, which may frequently occur as a sample prepared. For circular fibers, a single diameter measured from tilted fibers is sufficient to determine their cross sectional area at high precision with COV values below 1.6%. By selecting an appropriate method, a desktop SEM can serve as a convenient and powerful tool for accurate determination of cross sectional area as well as morphological observation.

Inner composition, defects and morphology of AlGaAs nanowires grown by Au-catalyzed MOVPE

2011 ◽  
Vol 1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Prete ◽  
B. Buick ◽  
E. Speiser ◽  
N. Lovergine ◽  
W. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Compositional Structure ◽  
Defect Content ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape

ABSTRACTThe inner composition, defect content and morphology of AlGaAs nanowires (NWs) grown on (111)B-GaAs by Au-catalyzed MOVPE is reported. The NWs grow tapered with their [111] axis normal to the substrate. The Raman spectra of single AlGaAs NWs were measured in non-resonant conditions with sub-μ-meter spatial resolution, allowing determination of the Al content. NWs consist of GaAs for TG<475°C, but show a two-fold compositional structure for TG >475°C, namely an AlxGa1-xAs core surrounded by an AlyGa1-yAs (y<x) shell, ascribed to the combination of Au-catalyzed (axial) and conventional (sidewall) growth. The cross-sectional shape of AlGaAs NWs changes from triangular (for TG=500÷525°C) to almost hexagonal (for TG=550°C), due to an exchange between $\left\{ {\bar 211} \right\}$ and {110} planes as the slowest to grow. The NWs have free-electron concentrations ∼1018 cm-3, due to Si contamination of the Al source.

The influence of cross-sectional shape and surface area on the microtensile bond test

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwachai Phrukkanon ◽  
Michael F. Burrow ◽  
Martin J. Tyas
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sectional Shape

Prevalence of Physical Inactivity and Associated Factors Among Older Caregivers of Older Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 793-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Angélica de Oliveira Gomes ◽  
Bruna Moretti Luchesi ◽  
Aline Cristina Martins Gratão ◽  
Fabiana de Souza Orlandi ◽  
Karina Gramani Say ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Older Caregivers

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of physical inactivity (PI) and associated factors in older caregivers of older adults. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 312 older caregivers. Sociodemographic, clinical, and care-related characteristics were considered the independent variables for the determination of associated factors with PI in the logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of PI was 75.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [70.1%, 80.0%]). The following factors were associated with PI: being female (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8, 95% CI = [1.3, 5.9]), being older than 75 years of age (OR = 7.1, 95% CI = [2.2, 22.9]), not having a marital life (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = [1.1, 15.8]), being prefrail (OR = 6.2, 95% CI = [1.7, 21.9]), and being frail (OR = 14.8, 95% CI = [3.8, 57.7]). Discussion: The prevalence of PI was high and associated with the female sex, an advanced age, and not being married. Specific public policies considering these results should be created for older caregivers.

scholarly journals Effects of Fiber Denier, Fiber Cross-Sectional Shape and Fabric Density on Acoustical Behavior of Vertically Lapped Nonwoven Fabrics

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 155892500800300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mevlut Tascan ◽  
Edward A. Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impedance Tube ◽  
Acoustical Properties ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Sectional Shape

Acoustical insulation and absorption properties of nonwoven fabrics depend on fiber geometry and fiber arrangement within the fabric structure. The different structures of the fibers result in different total surface areas of nonwoven fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics such as vertically lapped fabrics are ideal materials for use as acoustical insulation products, because they have high total surface. Vertically lapped nonwoven technology consists of carding, perpendicular layering of the carded webs, and through-air bonding using synthetic binder fibers. The surface area of the fabric is directly related to the denier and cross-sectional shape of the fibers in the fabric. Smaller deniers yield more fibers per unit weight of the material, higher total fiber surface area, and greater possibilities for a sound wave to interact with the fibers in the fabric structure. The research in the literature uses two methods for measuring acoustical properties of fabric materials: the impedance tube and reverberation room method. Small test samples are in the impedance tube method and sound absorption coefficient is determined at each frequency. Large reverberation rooms and large test samples are used for the reverberation room method. A direct comparative acoustical properties measurement device that was designed and fabricated at Clemson University School of Materials Science & Engineering was used to measure acoustical insulation in this research. This paper provides a description of the measurement devices and acoustical measurement data for vertically lapped nonwoven fabrics made from three different polyester fiber shape and two denier levels.

scholarly journals Frequency of Ectasia among Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis by Angiography Dual Source & 64 CT SLICE Evaluatin

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Marzie Motevalli ◽  
Mohammad Jalali ◽  
Raheleh Najarian ◽  
Fahimeh Rahnama ◽  
Shahrooz Yazdani
Keyword(s):  
Ct Angiography ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dual Source

Introduction: The aim of this study is Frequency of ectasia among patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which retrospectively had evaluated a percentage of total frequency ectasia among patients with coronary atherosclerosis by angiography Dual a source &amp; 64 CT SLICE between 2007-20012 in Imag Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital and shahid Rajai Hospital. Results: Totally 2770 patients were enrolled in the study. The frequency of ectasia among all patients was 42 [1.5%]. The frequency of stenosis in patients with LAD ectasia was 36.8% [7 out of 19] while the frequency of LAD stenosis in other patients was 59.5% [1637 out of 2751] [P=0.045]. Distribution of stenosis in ecstatic LCx and RCA was not statistically different with patients without non ecstatic LCx and RCA. [P=0.47 and 0.45 respectively]. In patients with ectasia, the frequency of stenosis was 71.4 while it was 64.4% in patients without ectasia [P=0.35]. Discussion: Furthermore, detection and investigation of Ectasia in patients with stenosis will lead to more accurate determination of the treatment plan and the purpose of this study is finging a new assess prevalence of morphological changes Ectasia by CT angiography and coronary sclerosing Prevalence this group of patients.

Effect of Fiber Cross-Sectional Shape and Nano ZnO/Modified Chitosan Loading on Antibacterial Properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natthaphop Suwannamek ◽  
Nanjaporn Ruangpaisarn ◽  
Chureerat Prahsan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nano Zno ◽  
Fiber Cross Section ◽  
Modified Chitosan ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape

Antibacterial polypropylene cross-sectional shape fibers were melt spun with adding nano ZnO and modified chitosan. Two types of fiber cross-section, round and worm cross-sectional shape were studied including with nano ZnO and modified chitosan loading. Antibacterial properties, surface area, and fiber crystalization were investigated. The surface area of the fiber and antibacterial properties were directly related to the cross-sectional shape. The greater antibacterial properties was found at lower modified chitosan loading compared ZnO.

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