Compensatory shoot growth in young black birch and red maple trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Whole Tree

Black birch (Betulalenta L.) and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) trees 1.5–2 m tall responded by compensatory (increased) shoot growth following a single treatment where shoots on the whole tree were clipped. Total shoot length of clipped trees recovered to control levels after 1 year's growth. The remaining buds on clipped shoots grew more than they would have without clipping. Frequency distributions of shoot lengths shifted toward longer lengths in clipped trees in the 1st year, but were similar to controls 2 years after clipping. The longest shoots were as long, or longer, on clipped shoots as on unclipped shoots. The major compensatory growth mechanism was increased growth of lateral buds. Clipping induced a few preventi-tious buds to form shoots and a few unclipped short shoots to grow as long shoots.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: an analysis of higher order branching

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Architectural Patterns ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Quantitative analysis and simulation modelling of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch branches revealed a complex system of architectural patterns and correlations. Numbers of lateral buds and long shoots were positively correlated with parent-shoot length, but the relationships varied among shoot orders and for sylleptic shoots. For order 2 and sylleptic shoots, numbers of lateral long shoots were also correlated with associated terminal-shoot lengths. Sylleptic shoots produced more lateral long shoots than equivalent proleptic shoots. Lateral long-shoot lengths decreased basipetally and were correlated with terminal-shoot lengths. Lengths of order 2 lateral long shoots also varied independently with crown position. Generally, the degree of apical control decreased and the proportion of short shoots increased with positions of less vigour in the crown. Terminal long-shoot lengths varied with parent-shoot length, location, and to some extent parent-axis leader length. Terminal short-shoot production was associated with shorter parent shoots. Shorter order 2 shoots (<60 mm) and most order 3 shoots produced no lateral long shoots. The net result was that branch structural development ceased in less vigorous crown positions. The spatial disposition of shoots, as defined by elevation and divergence angles, varied with position of origin around and along parent shoots. Although variable, elevation angles decreased and divergence angles increased basipetally.

Long-shoot bud development, shoot growth, and foliage production in provenances of lodgepole pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1421-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor O'Reilly ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Apical Growth ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Long Shoots

Long-shoot bud development, shoot growth, and foliage production were studied in seven provenances of Pinuscontorta Dougl. ssp. latifolia Engelm. from the major sites in British Columbia and one Yukon source growing in a provenance trial at Prince George, B.C. Branch terminal apical mitotic activity began in early March and continued until late September. Initiation of axillary buds began in May, about 2 weeks after the initiation of the subtending cataphyll. Differentiation of dwarf shoots began in early July to mid-August and continued until late October in some sources. Distal axillary buds had not always differentiated by late October in the southern sources. The duration of the period of apical growth and apical size during activity were related to final cataphyll numbers. Provenances with the widest, flattest, dormant apices produced the most cataphylls. The two northern provenances had more terminal sterile cataphylls but fewer sterile cataphylls lower in the long-shoot bud and shorter mean stem unit lengths than the others. Differences among provenances in shoot length were due mostly to variation in stem unit numbers. The large proportion of polycyclic long shoots in some provenances contributed to variation in dwarf shoot numbers.

An architectural analysis of Shepherdia canadensis and Shepherdia argentea: patterns of shoot development

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1870-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Hayes ◽  
T. A. Steeves ◽  
B. R. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Internodal Length ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Shepherdia Canadensis

In the context of an architectural analysis, the seasonal pattern of shoot development of Shepherdia canadensis and S. argentea (Elaeagnaceae) was examined. In both species floral bud burst was the first outward manifestation of seasonal activity. Vegetative shoots of S. canadensis expanded 3 – 5 pairs of preformed leaves during a period of 9 – 10 weeks. There was no pattern of internodal length that identified annual increments. In S. argentea, 6 – 18 pairs of leaves expanded during a period of 15 – 17 weeks, the variation being related to the extent of neoformation. There was a distinct pattern of internodal length, with a maximum in midseason, so that annual increments could be recognized subsequently. Lateral buds in S. canadensis expanded only proleptically as either short shoots or long shoots. Most had declining growth rates in the subsequent year and within 5 to 7 years had undergone abscission. In S. argentea. lateral buds expanded both sylleptically and proleptically as short shoots, long shoots, or thorns. The distribution pattern of these lateral types was related to the vigour of parent shoot growth. Some abscission of short shoots was noted. For each species a stochastic flow chart of shoot development was prepared and a computer program incorporating actual data was written that simulated shoot development for up to four generations of growth. Comparison of the two species indicates that S. argentea is more plastic in response to environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of Paclobutrazol on Shoot Growth and Flowering in a High-density Pecan Orchard

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-212
Author(s):  
Haijun Zhu ◽  
Eric T. Stafne
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) was applied to 6-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees as a basal trunk drench (0, 30, 90, and 150 mg·cm−2 trunk cross-sectional area) in Dec. 2012. Terminal shoot growth was retarded for 1 year after a single application of PBZ. The total number of current season shoots showed a significant increase with 30- and 90-mg·cm−2 PBZ treatments. After PBZ application at 30, 60, and 90 mg·cm−2, the percentage of very short shoots (<5 cm) was 32.3%, 36.3%, and 32.3%, respectively, compared with 22.4% on control trees; the percentage of short shoots (5–15 cm) increased to 36.0%, 38.1%, and 43.5%, respectively. The percent of long shoots (>30 cm) was decreased to 7.4%, 5.1%, and 7.6%, respectively, after PBZ application, compared with 18.7% with control. Shoots varying from 5 to 30 cm in length accounted for at least 63.3% of all pistillate inflorescences the following spring.

Apical dominance in long shoots of white pine (Pinus strobus)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Growth Substances ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Long Shoots

The roles of auxin and nutrition in determining the expression of dominance within a whorl of current shoots were investigated. It was demonstrated that the removal of shoots from a whorl induces compensatory growth in the remaining shoots. Treatments that block auxin movement (triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), girdling) or decrease auxin production (defoliation, decapitation) also induce compensatory growth, at the same time inhibiting growth in the treated shoot. On the other hand, capping a decapitated and defoliated shoot with indoleacetic acid (IAA) in lanolin maintains diameter growth in the shoot stump and prevents the occurrence of compensatory growth. It is concluded that the shoots in a whorl compete for dominance by competing for a common supply of nutrients transported from the preceding internode. The quantity of nutrients diverted into a shoot, hence growth, is a function of the shoot's capacity to produce growth substances. Hormone synthesis, as well as shoot length, fascicle number, and number of buds in the current whorl are predetermined in the winter bud.The degree of dominance, expressed as the ratio of the sizes of the terminal and the longest lateral in the whorl, depends on the nutrient supply available during the period of winter bud development as well as during the period of shoot expansion.

Syllepsis in Larixlaricina: analysis of tree leaders with and without sylleptic long shoots

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Lateral Axis

Nonsylleptic and lightly, moderately, and heavily sylleptic leaders with 0 and 1–8, 9–17, and 18–38 sylleptic long shoots, respectively, were cut from 8-year-old Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch trees. The leaders showed considerable crookedness but degrees of crookedness were not significantly different among leader classes. Leaders of all classes bore sylleptic short shoots. These sylleptic short shoots were largest at midleader locations and larger on leaders with sylleptic long shoots than on nonsylleptic leaders. The terminal buds on many sylleptic short shoots were of long-shoot type. Some sylleptic short shoots with such buds occurred in mid- and proximal-leader positions, whereas lateral buds of the long-shoot type occurred only in distal-leader positions. Sylleptic long and short shoots greatly increased the numbers of leaves on the leaders. This leaf increase occurred principally on the proximal halves of the leaders where leader diameters also increased. Larger amounts of xylem accounted for most of the diameter increases. Subtending leaf to lateral axis distances increased acropetally among lateral buds and sylleptic shoots, but for the latter, these distances were greatest in the middle parts of the respective zones of occurrence. The large variety of developmental pathways for lateral axes on leaders was discussed.

Shoot-length frequencies in black birch (Betula lenta)

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1475-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Main Axis ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Individual Branch ◽  
Axis Elongation ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots

Lengths of all parent and current shoots were measured on three 8- to 10-year-old black birch (Betulalenta L.) trees with branches <8 years old. Older branches had more short shoots (<1 cm long) and shorter long shoots (>2 cm long) than younger branches. Parent long shoots produced three to nine basal short shoots. Observations on short-shoot production were consistent with the hypothesis that only buds with adequate nutrition formed long shoots. Three growth rules were developed for a model that simulated individual branch growth: (i) a regression predicting lateral shoot number from each parent shoot length; (ii) probabilities for the number of short shoots produced by a parent shoot based on the total number of current shoots produced per parent shoot; (iii) a regression predicting current shoot length from parent shoot length, current shoot position (longest to shortest), branch age, and main-axis elongation in the current and previous year. Simulations of 81 branches using these rules predicted shoot numbers and total shoot lengths close to those of the actual branches (R2 = 0.73–0.84).

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: shoot preformation and neoformation and their relationships to shoot vigour

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds

Resting buds from five locations on long shoots in each of six crown positions were compared for 30 Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch saplings. At each locus, bud sizes, numbers of bud scales and preformed leaf primordia (basal and axial for long-shoot buds), and apical widths were positively related to parent-shoot length. Along individual shoots, (i) terminal and lateral long-shoot buds contained fewer basal-leaf primordia than the more proximal short-shoot buds; (ii) terminal buds contained the most bud scales and axial-leaf primordia; and (iii) numbers of bud scales increased, while numbers of axial-leaf primordia generally decreased, basipetally among lateral buds. Comparison of bud leaf content with leaves on elongated shoots by regression showed that numbers of preformed and neoformed leaves increased with shoot length, but numbers of neoformed leaves did so to a greater degree. Internode lengths, numbers of leaves per lateral bud produced, and leaf lengths were greater on neoformed than on preformed shoot segments. Because of their capacity for neoformed growth following preformed growth and because of increases in internode lengths among all axial leaves, shoots from subjacent lateral buds replaced experimentally decapitated tree leaders (terminal buds) in one season, with little or no loss of height growth.

scholarly journals Correlations among lateral shoots in young apple trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pilich ◽  
L. S. Jankiewicz ◽  
Bożena Borkowska ◽  
Alicja Moraszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Positive Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
One Year

Growth correlations among axillary buds and young shoots in one-year-old apple trees were investigated. Darkening of every second bud for 3-5 days during bursting time resulted in the formation of mainly short shoots. Thinning of part of the buds caused a higher percentage of the remaining ones to form long shoots. High nutrition level favored the formation of long shoots. When no special treatment was given to the trees, the initial size of the buds played an important role in the determination of future shoot vigor. The medium-size and large buds, in most cases, showed an ability to accumulate more <sup>32</sup>PO<sup>3-</sup><sub>4</sub> per unit of dry weight than did the smaller ones. This indicates that the initial differences among the buds are amplified by a positive feedback mechanism. In horizontally placed trees, the buds on the lower side showed inhibited phosphate uptake. Different growth regulators applied in very small amounts, in a droplet of water to every second bud or shoot tip, markedly changed the correlative interrelations among the developing shoots. The development of vascular connections between the main axis and the lateral buds and shoots of different sizes was investigated.

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