FORMATION OF ARTIFICIAL PROTECTIVE LINEAR PLANTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM OF FSBEI HE "VSAU"

Artificial protective linear plantings in the experimental farm of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "VGAU" were created more than 60 years ago. English oak was used as the main species for cultivation in cultures. The plantings are presented with a width of 18.0 m to 35.0 m with the placement of rocks 1.5 - 5.0 x 0.7 - 3.0 m. Due to the abundance of self-seeding, a dense structure of the lower profile has formed. To study the characteristics of the growth and condition of rocks, test plots were laid in the ZFN according to generally accepted methods in forest inventory and protective afforestation. English oak has a preservation of 50.1-60.1% and, at the same time, its average diameter is from 23.8-25.3 cm, the average height is 20.8-24.0 m. The best results were noted in plantations where the English oak grown with Norway maple and yellow acacia when placed 5.0 x 3.0 m. Silvicultural and reclamation assessment of plantings 4a. When creating protective plantations with the participation of fast-growing species with a placement of 1.5 x 0.7 m, 2.5 x 0.7 m English oak. enter when separating it in rows from fast-growing rocks. In cultures at the age of 62 years with a predominance of pedunculate oak, a convex transverse profile of the plantation is formed and, at the same time, the height of the middle rows is 10.1% higher than the edging rows, the average diameter of the middle rows is less than the extreme ones by 7.5%. Protective plantations transform agricultural landscapes, change the ecology of the territory, serve as boundaries and boundaries of vegetation in inter-strip fields.

Protective afforestation in agroforestry landscapes of the Middle Don basin

The use of forest reclamation facilities to transform the landscapes of the Middle Don basin of the European part of Russia is an important aspect in improving the natural conditions of agricultural territories. In the Central Black Earth Region, they occupy an area of 600000 hectares and form the ecological framework of forest agrarian landscapes. The purpose of our research is to establish the optimal conditions for the growth and reforestation efficiency of protective plantations in different conditions. Modern methods and approaches were used for forestry and land reclamation assessment of forest belts. In artificial linear plantings, the biometric indicators of growth and safety in fast-growing species are most pronounced at the initial density of creation and 3334 pcs/ha. The best companions for joint cultivation of English oak are Norway maple and yellow acacia. In the conditions of typical chernozem, the highest values for the growth of rocks are noted. In winter, protective plantations accumulate snow water reserves of 435-430 m3/ha, which makes it possible to form an additional yield of grain crops by 320-430 kg/ha in the strip zones.

Carbon sequestration in artificial forest stands of the Karachayevo-Cherkessian Republic

The work was carried out in order to study the functions of carbon accumulation and oxygen release by biomass of artificial forests of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The study was carried out on the territory of the Kuban forestry. Plantings, both pure and mixed in composition, are grown under the same conditions for growing fresh oak forests, aged 48 to 63 years. The research is based on the method of comparison and analysis associated with the concept of multipurpose, rational, sustainable use of forest resources. Carbon stocks were estimated using an analytical method. The volumes of atmospheric carbon and carbon dioxide absorbed by forests, as well as the volume of oxygen released, have been calculated. The calculation results show that the maximum amount of carbon is absorbed by ordinary ash (931.9 t/ha) and English oak (476.7 t/ha). The minimum amount of carbon dioxide (158 t/ha) is absorbed by Siberian elm. This crop also emits the least amount of oxygen – 117.3 t/ha. Using test results can help estimate the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants and the amount of oxygen released.

Effect of shading on the English oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings water regime

Shading is a common urban stress in the city due to the light block from buildings. Oaks stands are found as part of park areas, forests and in point gardening in many large cities of the world. In this work we examined anatomical and physiological aspects of the adaptation of oak seedlings to the lack of light. To determine the intensity of transpiration, leaf hydration, and water deficiency, the weight indicators of the leaves were measured. Anatomically, the analysis of the leaf epidermis was carried out by microscopy of varnish prints. Changes were revealed in the anatomical structure of the leaf and were irreversible in the water regime undo shading. It was found the correlation between stomatal apparatus of the leaves and incoming solar radiation amount. With the optimal combination of hydrometeofactors, the evaporation rate in the heavily shaded leaves during the day did not exceed 15 ± 0.9 g/(m2h), which was 30…35% of the transpiration intensity in the well-lit control leaves. Then, shading by 80% reduced transpiration by 50…65 %. The influence of the degree of shading on the water regime of oak seedlings is shown for the first time at forest-steppe region.

Electronic Nose Differentiation Between Quercus robur Acorns Infected by Pathogenic Oomycetes Phytophthora plurivora and Pythium intermedium

Identification of the presence of pathogenic oomycetes in infected plant material proved possible using an electronic nose, giving hope for a tool to assist nurseries and quarantine services. Previously, species of Phytophthora plurivora and Pythium intermedium have been successfully distinguished in germinated acorns of English oak Quercus robur L. Chemical compound analyses performed by HS-SPME/GC-MS (Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) revealed the presence of volatile antifungal molecules produced by oak seedlings belonging to terpenes and alkanes. Compounds characteristic only of Phytophthora plurivora or Pythium intermedium were also found. Methylcarveol occurred when germinated acorns were infected with Pythium, while neophytadiene (isomer 2 and 3) occurred only when infected with Phytophthora. Moreover, isopentanol was found in acorns infected with Phytophthora, while in control, isopentyl vinyl ether was not observed anywhere else. Among the numerous volatile compounds, isopentanol only occurred in acorns infected with Phytophthora and methylcarveol in acorns infected with Pythium.

Growth and State of Mixed Stands of Forest Plantations of the Kamennaya Steppe

By now, a vast amount of experimental material has been accumulated in the field of protective afforestation of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia, which allows estimating the stability and longevity of various trees and shrubs in different environmental conditions. Good growth and high vitality of woody vegetation largely depend on growing conditions and are determined primarily by the relationship between species (individuals within a species) when they are placed in the forest area and the type of terrain. The researchdifferent combinations in tree and shrub mixing schemes and unequal location by types of terrain. The study was carried out in mature (115–118-year-old) forest strips laid out by the staff of the Kamennaya Steppe experimental forestry G.F. Morozov and N.A. Mikhailov on the territory of the Kamennaya Steppe (Voronezh region, Talovsky district) using archival materials, scientific works of the authors of this article and the employees of the Department of Agroforestry. A comparative analysis of the materials of forest survey work carried out in protective forest plantations created according to the tree-shrub type of mixing on different types of terrain revealed an excess of biometric indicators of tree species growing on the upland type of terrain over those on the slope. It is shown that the initial percentage of participation of English oak is a significant, but not always decisive factor in the creation of oak plantations. They can also be grown with a smaller proportion of this species in the culture, but in this case, timely thinning will be of paramount importance. Over time, there have been significant changes in the composition of plantations, the number of trees and their valuation indicators. There are no viable ash and elm specimens left in the upper tier of the stands. They are severely damaged by stem pests. Certain tree species are damaged by the following pests: common ash by large ash bark beetle (Hylesinus crenatus) and ash bark beetle (Hylesinus fraxini); elm species by cambium-feeding beetles (large elm bark beetle (Scolytus scolytus), European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), and pygmy elm bark beetle (Scolytus pygmaeus); English oak by gold pit oak splendour beetle (Chrysobothris affinis), oak borer (Agrilus angustulus), longhorn beetle (Plagionotus detritus), and European oak bark beetle (Scolytus intricatus). The predominant number of trees of all tree species belongs to the categories of limited viable and inviable.

Influence of the Urban Environment on the English Oak (Quercus Robur L.) Growth and Development

The morphological parameters of the maternal trees growth, seed progeny and seedlings, and the value of the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of the leaves of adult plants under urban influence were estimated. Urban oak groves have a low growth rate of shoots. Rural and suburban oak groves are characterized by an increase in the shoot. The coefficients of variation (Cv) in the length and width of leaf blades are generally low; only for 1 territory near urban radius and experiencing the influence of industrial enterprises, the Cv of the length of the leaf blade is 29.3% and the width of the leaf blade - 30.4%. FA for all oak forests, with the exception of Chizhovskoe tract (0.056), not exceed 0.04, thus, they are resistant to the anthropogenic factor. The average growth of seedlings is 13-14 cm. The coefficient of variation for shoot length for most groups of seedlings exceeds 30%. The suburban seedlings have the largest shoot thickness and exceed 0.3 cm. Among urban seedlings, the oak population in the most distant from the city (middle circle), is close to this indicator. The areas of the lowest emission load of pollutants coincide with the forest areas of the city.

The state of the adaptive potential of Quercus robur L. in field-protective forest belts based on the study of substances of secondary metabolism

The paper studies various groups of substances of secondary metabolism of phenolic nature in the leaves of model trees of English oak growing in the field-protective forest belts of the agroforestry complex Kamennaya Steppe. A physiological and biochemical analysis was carried out on samples of oak leaves from each tree in two stages - in the first decade of June and in early August. From each model tree 4-6 shoots of the lower tier of the southern exposure were selected. Significant biochemical diversity of the control and experimental groups of model oak trees was revealed. It is shown that the most significant fluctuations in the level of phenolic substances occur at the beginning of the growing season and then their content is stabilized. The informativeness of biochemical monitoring studies in the complex assessment of the current state of oak stands was confirmed. It is proved that the content of substances of secondary metabolism of phenolic nature and their combination can serve as a criterion of potential energy efficiency.