Reproductive development and insect damage on white and black spruce seed trees treated with ammonium nitrate and carbofuran

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1786-1792
Author(s):  
W.H. Fogal ◽  
S.M. Lopushanski ◽  
H.O. Schooley ◽  
D.A. Winston
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Needle Senescence

Granular ammonium nitrate and carbofuran were applied to soil beneath white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seed trees to stimulate reproductive development and protect them from defoliating and cone-feeding insects. Rates of carbofuran application were 0, 10.8, or 21.6 g/cm DBH for white spruce, and 0, 5, or 10 g/cm DBH for black spruce. Both species received 0,224, or 448 kg N/ha of ammonium nitrate. Trees were assessed for defoliation by the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana Clem.), cone insect damage, seed-cone bud production, cone production, seed yields, and needle senescence for 3 years in white spruce, and 2 years in black spruce. On white spruce, carbofuran reduced defoliation and number of spruce budworm at both application rates in the year of treatment and at the high rate in the second year; no protection was observed in the third year. Seed-cone bud production was stimulated by carbofuran for 3 years following treatment. Needle senescence was increased by carbofuran. Ammonium nitrate decreased needle senescence but had no effects on other assessment variables. On black spruce, carbofuran did not reduce spruce budworm numbers or protect cones in the year of application but, in the year after treatment, both foliage and cones were protected. Defoliation was reduced by the low rate of applied ammonium nitrate. Treatments did not influence the number of seed-cone buds or cones or amount of needle senescence in black spruce.

Gibberellin A4/7 enhances seed-cone production in field-grown black spruce

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong H. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud ◽  
Needle Primordia

Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) grafts growing in a seed orchard were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7, and grafts and trees in families growing in arboreta were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7 and (or) vitamin E from vegetative bud burst to the end of shoot elongation. Gibberellin A4/7 was very effective in promoting seed cones and 400 mg/L appeared optimal. Vitamin E at 1000 mg/L was not effective. Vegetative bud burst occurred in mid-May and shoot elongation ended in late June. Needle primordia were visible on the apices of newly formed buds at the end of June. Reproductive buds had fewer bud scales than vegetative buds. It appeared that potential reproductive buds terminated their bud scale initiation earlier. Gibberellin A4/7 application to promote seed-cone production should be carried out before bud-type differentiation. This coincides with the end of lateral shoot elongation.

scholarly journals Control of Insect Damage to Black Spruce Seed Cones with Neem

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry C. Kostyk ◽  
Kevin W. Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Flower Abortion ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Neem Seed Extract

Abstract A neem seed extract was applied to black spruce trees at two stages of reproductive development to control insect damage to the seed cones. Applied after pollination, neem had no effect on damage by the spruce cone maggot but did provide some protection against defoliation by the spruce budworm. Neem had no effect on the numbers of spruce budworm larvae for the first 9 days of the experiment, but after 23 days, populations declined on trees with two of three neem treatments compared to control trees. Neem reduced cone grazing damage by lepidopteran larvae when applied during the flowering stage. However, increased female flower abortion also resulted. The application of neem seed extract for controlling spruce budworm damage appears promising, but more information is needed on earlier applications in the field to determine if this product could be used operationally without causing substantial flower abortion. North. J. Appl. For. 14(1):40-43.

Some Factors Influencing Cone Production on Young Black Spruce in New Brunswick

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Simpson ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Pollen Cone

Ten young black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) plantations in northern and central New Brunswick were examined to de termine the influence of aspect, slope, tree age and tree height on pollen-cone and seed-cone production. It was found that a greater proportion of trees growing on southerly aspects produced pollen cones and seed cones than trees growing on northerly aspects. Trees growing on southerly aspects bore 2.5 and 5 times more seed cones and pollen cones, respectively, than trees growing on northerly aspects. Cone production on south-sloping sites was approximately double that on level sites. The number of seed cones was most significantly correlated with tree height. The number of pollen cones was most significantly correlated with number of seed cones.

Promotion of flowering in white spruce (Piceaglauca) by gibberellin A4/7, auxin (naphthaleneacetic acid), and the adjunct cultural treatments of girdling and Ca(NO3)2 fertilization

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
Debra Tomchuk ◽  
Frederick D. Beall ◽  
R. Marie Rauter ◽  
Gyula Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Sporadic Flowering ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Temperature Water

Flowering (production of seed cone buds) of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) grafts and of 55-year-old trees was significantly promoted by the application of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7). Use of GA4/7 accompanied by the adjunct cultural treatment of nondestructive girdling was especially effective. When GA4/7 was injected into a branch, the flowering stimulus was translocated upwards, thereby yielding up to a fivefold increase (72 female cone buds per propagule) in flowering. Clonal propagules sprayed to drip off with GA4/7 + auxin (naphtaleneacetic acid) averaged 116 female cone buds per propagule (a 12-fold increase over controls) with a 100% frequency of flowering. Pollen cone bud production and number of male flowering plants also tended to increase with the most successful flowering treatments. When GA4/7 was applied to 55-year-old trees with nondestructive, overlapping stem girdles and auxin, treatments were significantly effective (6- to 27-fold increases, respectively). When GA4/7 + Ca(NO3)2 was applied to 55-year-old trees, there was a tendency (nonsignificant) to increase (4- to 16-fold) flowering, relative to GA4/7 alone. White spruce, because of its very sporadic flowering and usually nominal response to GA4/7 alone, should be classed as a "recalcitrant conifer species." Use of the GA4/7 plus appropriate adjunct cultural treatments (high temperature, water stress, girdling) and (or) auxin is, thus, recommended if significant flowering and seed cone production is desired.

SOIL APPLICATION OF CARBOFURAN TO CONTROL SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN A MANAGED WHITE SPRUCE SEED PRODUCTION AREA

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 949-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Fogal ◽  
D. A. Winston ◽  
S. M. Lopushanski ◽  
D. A. MacLeod ◽  
A. J. Willcocks
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Production Areas

White spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, is a major commercial tree species used in reforestation programs throughout Canada, and seed requirements cannot be met in some years because of insect damage and the periodic nature of cone crops. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), feeds on buds and cones of its hosts, causing a pronounced decrease in cone production (Schooley 1978). A current outbreak in northeastern Ontario poses a serious threat to white spruce seed supply from high value, managed seed production areas. Therefore, in 1979, we began an experiment to determine whether carbofuran, a systemic insecticide, could be used to protect buds and cones when applied to soil. We chose carbofuran because it has proved successful for control of some insects in seed orchards in the southeastern United States (DeBarr 1978)

scholarly journals The spruce budworm, a potential threat for Norway spruce in eastern Canada?

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (01) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Richard Berthiaume ◽  
Christian Hébert ◽  
Alain Dupont ◽  
Martin Charest ◽  
Éric Bauce
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Exotic Tree ◽  
Biological Performance

Norway spruce, an exotic tree species in North America, was largely used in reforestation programs in the province of Québec between 1972 and 1990. Several of these plantations are now reaching their commercial maturity and the resurgence of spruce budworm outbreak is a reminder that the potential threat of this damaging defoliator for Norway spruce still remains unknown. We used two life-history traits, pupal weight and overwintered larval (L2) weight, to compare spruce budworm biological performance on Norway spruce, white spruce and black spruce. Pupae collected on Norway spruce and overwintered larvae produced by parents that fed on Norway spruce were heavier than those coming from black spruce. Spruce budworm performance was similar on Norway and white spruce, showing similar suitability and suggesting that it can represent a potential threat for Norway spruce plantations established after the last spruce budworm outbreak in eastern North America.

Insect toxins from spruce endophytes

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Findlay ◽  
Guoqiang Li ◽  
J David Miller ◽  
Taiwo O Womiloju
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Macrocyclic Antibiotic ◽  
Insect Toxins ◽  
Spruce Needles

Extracts of fermentation cultures of a fungal endophyte (DAOM 221611) from spruce needles have afforded the known macrocyclic antibiotic vermiculin (1), 7α,8β,11-trihydroxydrimane (2), and eight novel 13-carbon γ-lactones, namely trans-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (3), trans-8-hydroxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (4), trans-8-acetoxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (5), trans-9-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-oxo-dodec-trans-6-en-4-olide (6), trans-8,9-dihydroxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (7), trans-9-hydroxy-8-oxo-3-methyldodecan-4-olide (8), trans-7,9-dihydroxy-3-methyl-8-oxo-dodecan-4-olide (9), and trans-6-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-7-oxo-undecan-4-olide (10). A known JH III metabolism product, 10,11-dihydroxyfarnesenic acid (11), was also isolated and synthesized from farnesol. Other endophyte cultures from black spruce and white spruce afforded the novel 6,7-dihydroxy-2-propyl-2,4-octadien-4-olide (16), 5,6,8-trihydroxy-4-(1'-hydroxyethyl) isocoumarin (17) plus the known sescandelin (18), sescandelin B (19), and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyacetanilide (20). Several of the γ-lactones showed toxicity to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) larvae and vermiculin 1 and compound 16 were toxic to spruce budworm cells.Key words: toxigenic endophytes, insect toxins, γ-lactones, isocoumarins.

Patterns of seed-cone and pollen-cone production in young Piceamariana trees

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Caron ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Pollen Cone

Production of seed cones from 1978 to 1987 and of pollen cones from 1980 to 1982 by young black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees was recorded in five plantations aged 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 years in 1980. Variations in cone production and percentages of trees bearing cones were assessed in relation to changing tree age and cone numbers per tree. The first seed cones and pollen cones were noted on 7- and 10-year-old trees, respectively. After ages 10–12 for seed cones and 12–14 for pollen cones there were substantial yearly fluctuations of average numbers of cones per tree. Similarly, the percentages of trees bearing cones fluctuated among years, but differences between poorer and better years decreased as the proportion of bearing trees gradually increased. Up to age 14, the number of seed cones borne per tree was generally higher than the number of pollen cones. Thereafter, pollen-cone production was always higher than seed-cone production and reached 6.6 pollen cones per seed cone by age 18. Pollen cone bearing trees were good indicators of seed cone bearing trees at all ages. Most 12-year-old and older seed cone bearing trees were good indicators of pollen cone bearing trees. Annual production of seed cones was correlated with warm weather in early May and early July, and with relatively low rainfall in early June of the previous year.

Insect–host relationships influencing disturbance by the spruce budworm in a boreal mixedwood forest

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1870-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
V G Nealis ◽  
J Régnière
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Boreal Mixedwood Forest

Demographic data from a 15-year outbreak of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in a boreal mixedwood forest in Ontario, Canada, are used to interpret stand-level ecological disturbance in terms of susceptibility and vulnerability (mortality) of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). All three host-tree species are highly susceptible for oviposition by the spruce budworm and all are suitable for completion of the budworm life cycle. Host-related differences in susceptibility arise from the degree of synchrony between spruce budworm phenology during the feeding stages and host-tree phenology. Spruce budworm density was highest on white spruce throughout the budworm's life cycle and over the course of the outbreak, but more rapid flushing and growth of current-year buds in white spruce reduced damage relative to that on balsam fir. Conversely, later flushing of current-year buds on black spruce led to a reduction in budworm density early in the season and a corresponding reduction in defoliation. The combination of high budworm densities and severe defoliation caused mortality first on balsam fir. By the end of the outbreak, 89% of the balsam fir component >10 cm DBH was eliminated compared with 49% of the white spruce in the same size class. The lower susceptibility of black spruce resulted in survival of all but the smallest size classes of that species. Nonhost species such as trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) nearly doubled their basal area during the outbreak. The results link processes inherent in the insect–host relationship with the population ecology of the insect and the disturbance ecology of the forest.

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