Regional Differences in Rates of Insorption of Sodium and Water from the Human Large Intestine

Regional differences in sodium and water fluxes across the mucosa of the human colon were sought by comparing the arterial appearances of isotopes of sodium and water after instillation of test solutions containing them into four parts of the large intestine. Deuterium oxide and 24Na, in isotonic sodium chloride (154 mM), were placed in the cecum, transverse colon, descending colon, or rectum. The times of appearance and concentration of isotopes in serial samples of arterial blood were integrated with known plasma–disappearance curves to obtain rates of unidirectional flux from colonic lumen to blood (insorption). A gradient of insorption was found. Insorption was most rapid in the cecum and decreased progressively in the transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. During steady-state perfusion of the entire large intestine the insorption rates of sodium and water, calculated by disappearance of isotopes from the lumen, were intermediate between those observed in the cecum and transverse colon during regional studies. Perfusion studies also revealed a close correlation between insorption and net absorption of sodium and water, implying that a regional gradient of net absorption may exist in the large intestine, analogous to the observed insorption gradient.

Download Full-text

Cerebral acid-base and gas metabolism in brain injury

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1970.33.5.0498 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 498-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

R. Zupping

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Brain Damage ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Respiratory Alkalosis ◽

Acid Base ◽

Content Type ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Gas Metabolism ◽

Permanent Brain Damage

✓ Acid-base and gas parameters of CSF, jugular venous and arterial blood were measured in 45 patients with brain injury in the first 12 days after trauma or operation. CSF metabolic acidosis together with respiratory alkalosis and hypoxemia in the cerebral venous and arterial blood were the most characteristic findings. A close correlation between the severity of brain damage and the intensity of the CSF metabolic acidosis and arterial hypocapnia was revealed. It was concluded that brain hypoxia and acidosis play an important role in the development of cerebral edema and permanent brain damage.

Download Full-text

Management of Severe Attacks of Ulcerative Colitis with New Technologies

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/1990/353874 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 347-349

Author(s):

M Campieri ◽

P Gionchetti ◽

A Belluzzi ◽

M Tampieri ◽

C Brignola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Transverse Colon ◽

Bowel Wall ◽

New Technologies ◽

Toxic Megacolon ◽

Abdominal Ultrasound ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Excellent Correlation ◽

Severe Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Descending Colon

Barium enema and colonoscopy are contraindicated in severe attacks of ulcerative colitis because of the possibility of toxic megacolon and perforation. The authors have assessed abdominal ultrasound in 38 patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Ultrasound revealed bowel wall thicknesses ranging from 3.9 to 9.2 mm (mean 7.7) extending the whole length of the colon, to the transverse colon, and to the descending colon, respectively, in 18, 10 and eight patients. The degree of bowel thickening was related to the severity of inflammation based on clinical, sigmoidoscopic and histological evaluation. In two patients, ultrasound showed a thin bowel wall distended without motility, suggesting the diagnosis of toxic megacolon (confirmed radiologically). An excellent correlation (95%) was found between ultrasound and technetium-99 scanning. Ultrasound might be a reasonable first investigation in the assessment of patients with severe ulcerative colitis.

Download Full-text

Region-specific ontogeny of α-2,6-sialyltransferase during normal and cortisone-induced maturation in mouse intestine

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00531.2000 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 282 (3) ◽

pp. G480-G490 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Dingwei Dai ◽

N. Nanda Nanthakumar ◽

Tor C. Savidge ◽

David S. Newburg ◽

W. Allan Walker

Keyword(s):

Large Intestine ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Trophic Factors ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Regional Specificity ◽

Microvillus Membrane ◽

Mouse Intestine ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

Small And Large Intestine

Regional differences in the ontogeny of mouse intestinal α-2,6-sialyltransferase activities (α-2,6-ST) and the influence of cortisone acetate (CA) on this expression were determined. High ST activity and α-2,6-ST mRNA levels were detected in immature small and large intestine, with activity increasing distally from the duodenum. As the mice matured, ST activity (predominantly α-2,6-ST) in the small intestine decreased rapidly to adult levels by the fourth postnatal week. CA precociously accelerated this region-specific ontogenic decline. A similar decline of ST mRNA levels reflected ST activity in the small, but not the large, intestine. Small intestinal sialyl α-2,6-linked glycoconjugates displayed similar developmental and CA induced-precocious declines when probed using Sambucus nigraagglutinin (SNA) lectin. SNA labeling demonstrated age-dependent diminished sialyl α2,6 glycoconjugate expression in goblet cells in the small (but not large) intestine, but no such regional specificity was apparent in microvillus membrane. This suggests differential regulation of sialyl α-2,6 glycoconjugates in absorptive vs. globlet cells. These age-dependent and region-specific differences in sialyl α-2,6 glycoconjugates may be mediated in part by altered α-2,6-ST gene expression regulated by trophic factors such as glucocorticoids.

Download Full-text

Cerebrospinal fluid transients induced by hypercapnia

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1983.245.5.r701 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 245 (5) ◽

pp. R701-R705

Author(s):

M. J. Fisher ◽

S. R. Heisey ◽

T. Adams ◽

D. L. Traxinger

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Formation Rate ◽

Tracer Concentration ◽

Perfusion Studies ◽

Fluid Redistribution ◽

Ventriculocisternal Perfusion ◽

Before And After ◽

Outflow Rate ◽

The Times ◽

Stop Flow

Ventriculocisternal perfusion studies using tracers have shown that hypercapnia causes a transient increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow rate (displaced CSF volume, Vd) and a decrease in CSF effluent tracer concentration (tracer-free CSF, CSFtf). This dilution could be due to an increase in CSF formation rate (Vf) and/or to displacement of unequilibrated CSFtf sequestered in poorly mixed compartments. To facilitate convection in the subarachnoid spaces, we used a “stop-flow” procedure (by clamping the cisternal outflow tube while infusion was constant) in anesthetized cats during ventriculocisternal perfusion with mock CSF containing [14C]dextran. Each animal spontaneously breathed air, then 5% CO2 both before and after stopflow. Although Vd and the times over which Vd and CSFtf were defined were unaffected, CSFtf was decreased by 50% after stop-flow. We conclude that during ventriculocisternal perfusion, mixing is incomplete in CSF spaces, and that unequilibrated CSF contributes significantly to the reduced tracer concentration in Vd during acute hypercapnia. To determine whether Vf transiently increases in response to CO2 breathing, or to any perturbation causing craniospinal fluid redistribution, homogeneity in CSF spaces must be verified.

Download Full-text

Investigation of regional differences in water and electrolyte absorption across the human colon by in vivo perfusion method.

Japanese Journal of Medicine ◽

10.2169/internalmedicine1962.25.162 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 162-166

Author(s):

Shinsaku FUKUDA ◽

Hisahito KATO ◽

Masaaki SANO ◽

Takio BABA ◽

Daisuke SASAKI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Differences ◽

Human Colon ◽

Perfusion Method ◽

Electrolyte Absorption

Download Full-text

Regional differences in regulatory peptide concentrations in the human colon

Regulatory Peptides ◽

10.1016/0167-0115(87)90196-0 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 18 (5-6) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

J. Calam ◽

S. Gupta ◽

M. Myszor ◽

C. Tait ◽

M.A. Ghatei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Differences ◽

Human Colon ◽

Regulatory Peptide

Download Full-text

Characterization of motor patterns in isolated human colon: are there differences in patients with slow-transit constipation?

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 302 (1) ◽

pp. G34-G43 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Nick J. Spencer ◽

Melinda Kyloh ◽

David A. Wattchow ◽

Anthony Thomas ◽

Tiong Cheng Sia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Tension ◽

Human Colon ◽

Slow Transit Constipation ◽

Organ Bath ◽

Motor Patterns ◽

Slow Transit ◽

Descending Colon ◽

Transit Constipation

The patterns of motor activity that exist in isolated full-length human colon have not been described. Our aim was to characterize the spontaneous motor patterns in isolated human colon and determine whether these patterns are different in whole colons obtained from patients with slow-transit constipation (STC). The entire colon (excluding the anus), was removed from patients with confirmed STC and mounted longitudinally in an organ bath ∼120 cm in length, containing oxygenated Krebs' solution at 36°C. Changes in circular muscle tension were recorded from multiple sites simultaneously along the length of colon, by use of isometric force transducers. Recordings from isolated colons from non-STC patients revealed cyclical colonic motor complexes (CMCs) in 11 of 17 colons, with a mean interval and half-duration of contractions of 4.0 ± 0.6 min and 51.5 ± 15 s, respectively. In the remaining six colons, spontaneous irregular phasic contractions occurred without CMCs. Interestingly, in STC patients robust CMCs were still recorded, although their CMC pacemaker frequencies were slower. Intraluminal balloon distension of the ascending or descending colon evoked an ascending excitatory reflex contraction, or evoked CMC, in 8 of 30 trials from non-STC (control) colons, but not from colons obtained from STC patients. In many control segments of descending colon, spontaneous CMCs consisted of simultaneous ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory phases. In summary, CMCs can be recorded from isolated human colon, in vitro, but their intrinsic pacemaker frequency is considerably faster in vitro compared with previous human recordings of CMCs in vivo. The observation that CMCs occur in whole colons removed from STC patients suggests that the intrinsic pacemaker mechanisms underlying their generation and propagation are preserved in vitro, despite impaired transit along these same regions in vivo.

Download Full-text

Colonization of Cattle Intestines by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lanienae

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.71.9.5145-5153.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

pp. 5145-5153 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

G. Douglas Inglis ◽

Lisa D. Kalischuk ◽

Hilma W. Busz ◽

John P. Kastelic

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Initial Study ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Ascending Colon ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽

Colon And Rectum ◽

Descending Colon

ABSTRACT The location and abundance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lanienae in the intestines of beef cattle were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR in two studies. In an initial study, digesta and tissue samples were obtained along the digestive tract of two beef steers known to shed C. jejuni and C. lanienae (steers A and B). At the time of slaughter, steer B weighed 540 kg, compared to 600 kg for steer A, yet the intestine of steer B (40.5 m) was 36% longer than the intestine of steer A (26.1 m). In total, 323 digesta samples (20-cm intervals) and 998 tissue samples (3.3- to 6.7-cm intervals) were processed. Campylobacter DNA was detected in the digesta and in association with tissues throughout the small and large intestines of both animals. Although C. jejuni and C. lanienae DNA were detected in both animals, only steer A contained substantial quantities of C. jejuni DNA. In both digesta and tissues of steer A, C. jejuni was present in the duodenum and jejunum. Considerable quantities of C. jejuni DNA also were observed in the digesta obtained from the cecum and ascending colon, but minimal DNA was associated with tissues of these regions. In contrast, steer B contained substantial quantities of C. lanienae DNA, and DNA of this bacterium was limited to the large intestine (i.e., the cecum, proximal ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum); the majority of tissue-associated C. lanienae DNA was present in the cecum, descending colon, and rectum. In a second study, the location and abundance of C. jejuni and C. lanienae DNA were confirmed in the intestines of 20 arbitrarily selected beef cattle. DNA of C. jejuni and C. lanienae were detected in the digesta of 57% and 95% of the animals, respectively. C. jejuni associated with intestinal tissues was most abundant in the duodenum, ileum, and rectum. However, one animal contributed disproportionately to the abundance of C. jejuni DNA in the ileum and rectum. C. lanienae was most abundant in the large intestine, and the highest density of DNA of this bacterium was found in the cecum. Therefore, C. jejuni colonized the proximal small intestine of asymptomatic beef cattle, whereas C. lanienae primarily resided in the cecum, descending colon, and rectum. This information could be instrumental in developing efficacious strategies to manage the release of these bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of cattle.

Download Full-text