Analysis of Heparin – Azure A Metachromasy in Agarose Gel

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wollin ◽  
L. B. Jaques

The effect of changes in pH, temperature, salt, and ethanol concentrations on the metachromatic heparin – azure A complex was studied in solution and in agarose gel photometrically. Salt, ethanol, and low pH inhibit the heparin – azure A interaction. With low salt concentration the inhibition is greater in aqueous solution than in agarose gel. Increasing ethanol concentrations interfere stepwise, with a plateau between 40–80% ethanol. Visual estimates of metachromasy do not coincide with the photometric measurements. Increase in temperature decreases the heparin – azure A complex in agarose. The responses to the parameter changes are similar in both media, with differences attributable to the different physical states.

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis B. Jaques ◽  
Tak K. Sue ◽  
Norman M. McDuffie ◽  
Sandra M. Wice

Heparin (Hep), hyaluronic acid, chondroitins (sulfate) A, B, and C, and heparitins (sulfate) A, B, C, and D were subjected to microelectrophoresis in barbital–agarose gel, fixed with cetylpyridinium chloride and stained with toluidine blue. The optical densities of the resulting bands were compared with optical densities obtained upon reaction with azure A in aqueous solution and with the carbazole reagent. A linear relation was obtained between optical density and concentration of purified sulfated mucopolysaccharide (SMP). Less than 1 μg of Hep and 2 μg of other SMPs are required for measurement by electrophoresis, while about 30 μg of each is required with the carbazole reagent. The optical density of a mixture of SMPs was equal to the sum of the densities for the individual SMPs upon microelectrophoresis. It was demonstrated that the individual SMPs in mixtures were distinguished by reaction with specific enzymes and by changes in migration in agarose with barbital, phthalate, ethylenediamine, or propane-diamine buffers, permitting ready demonstration and quantitation of various SMP species. Examples are shown of the application of the procedure to measure the total SMPs and individual SMPs in tissue extracts. The method is sensitive, reproducible, flexible, and measures quantities [Formula: see text] of those measured colorimetrically, yet is relatively unaffected by protein, carbohydrate, or inorganic electrolytes.


1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2925-2936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpánka Štokrová ◽  
Jan Pospíšek ◽  
Jaroslav Šponar ◽  
Karel Bláha

Polypeptides (Lys-X-Ala)n and (Lys-X-Gly)n in which X represents residues of isoleucine and norleucine, respectively, and polypeptide (Tle-Lys-Ala)n, were synthesized via polymerization of 1-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters of the appropriate tripeptides to complete previously studied series. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the respective polymers were measured as a function of pH and salt concentration of the medium. The results were correlated with those obtained previously with the same series containing different amino acid residues at the X-position. The helix forming ability of the polypeptides (Lys-X-Ala)n with linear X side chain was found to be independent of the length. In the series (Lys-X-Gly)n the unordered conformation was the most probable one except (Lys-Ile-Gly)n. This polymer assumed the β conformation even in low salt solution at neutral pH. An agreement with some theoretical work concerned with the restriction of conformational freedom of amino acid residue branching at Cβ atom with our experimental results is evident.


1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-D. HENRY CHIN ◽  
P. E. KOEHLER

Two factors, salt concentration and incubation temperature, were examined for their effect on the formation of histamine, phenethylamine, tryptamine and tyramine during miso (soybean paste) fermentation. Misos containing 5 and 10% NaCl were prepared and incubated at 25 and 35°C. The effect of each factor was determined from the chemical and microbiological changes in the misos during fermentation. Salt level was a significant factor in the formation of amines. Higher amine levels were found in low-salt (5% NaCl) formulations than in high-salt (10% NaCl) misos. Incubation temperature within the range of 25 to 35°C during fermentation had little effect on amine formation in misos.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Ghorbani

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the electro-persulfate process in removing acid blue 25 from aqueous solution. In order to optimize the parameters, the OFAT method was used, and the effect of three main parameters, including pH, sodium persulfate salt concentration, and current intensity was investigated. According to the results, the optimal removal efficiency of 94% in 60 minutes was obtained under conditions of pH=5, the initial concentration of sodium persulfate=250 mg / L, and the current=500 mA. According to the results of this study, the electro-persulfate process sulfate process can be an efficient process for dye removal from industrial effluents.


Author(s):  
F. U. Okwunodulu ◽  
H. O. Chukwuemeka-Okorie ◽  
N. M. Mgbemena ◽  
J. B. I. Kalu

The removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solution using unmodified and hydrochloric modified African nutmeg pod was studied. The effects of particle size, pH and initial metal ions concentration adsorbed were investigated. The amount of metal ion adsorbed increased as the initial metal ion concentration increased and also decreased at low pH of 2 for both modified and unmodified African nutmeg pod.  400 µm and 250 µm were the optimum particle sizes for both modified and unmodified African nutmeg pod respectively, values given as 75.8 mg/g for the modified and 93.39 mg/g for the unmodified. Generally, it was observed that the unmodified African nutmeg pod showed greater adsorption capacity than the modified African nutmeg pod. The equilibrium experimental data were examined via Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.  Freundlich isotherm model gave the best fit for the data in both unmodified and modified African nutmeg pod based on the correlation coefficients (R2 values) gotten. The results of the study showed that the African nutmeg pod is efficient for the removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solutions especially when unmodified.


1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Laasch

The inhibition of the transthylakoid pH gradient, ΔpH, and of photophosphorylation by the local anesthetic tetracaine was investigated with isolated chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea L. Tetracaine strongly inhibited ΔpH in the presence of low salt concentrations. In the presence of high salt concentrations, the inhibition of ΔpH was much smaller. This effect of salt concentration was observed only when both, cation and anion were easily membrane permeable. It was concluded that the effect of salts on ΔpH inhibition was excerted on the inside of the thylakoid membrane. The rate of photophosphorylation, Vp, driven by the PS Idependent artificial proton carrier phenazine methosulfate decreased with ΔpH in the presence of both, high and low salt concentrations. In contrast, Vp driven by the endogenous proton pumps of PS II + I-dependent linear electron flow was largely independent of ΔpH changes in the presence of low salt concentration. It appeared that energy coupling during linear electron transport, in contrast to artificially produced PS I-dependent coupling, may be localized to membrane-bound proton domains which are not accessible to the employed indicators of ΔpH. The data were discussed with respect to recent hypotheses on localized energy coupling in chloroplasts.


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