Analysis of Heparin – Azure A Metachromasy in Agarose Gel

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wollin ◽  
L. B. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Azure A ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Photometric Measurements

The effect of changes in pH, temperature, salt, and ethanol concentrations on the metachromatic heparin – azure A complex was studied in solution and in agarose gel photometrically. Salt, ethanol, and low pH inhibit the heparin – azure A interaction. With low salt concentration the inhibition is greater in aqueous solution than in agarose gel. Increasing ethanol concentrations interfere stepwise, with a plateau between 40–80% ethanol. Visual estimates of metachromasy do not coincide with the photometric measurements. Increase in temperature decreases the heparin – azure A complex in agarose. The responses to the parameter changes are similar in both media, with differences attributable to the different physical states.

Heparin and sulfated mucopolysaccharides—a micro system for quantitative differentiation and determination

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis B. Jaques ◽  
Tak K. Sue ◽  
Norman M. McDuffie ◽  
Sandra M. Wice
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Linear Relation ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Agarose Gel ◽  
Azure A ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
The Individual

Heparin (Hep), hyaluronic acid, chondroitins (sulfate) A, B, and C, and heparitins (sulfate) A, B, C, and D were subjected to microelectrophoresis in barbital–agarose gel, fixed with cetylpyridinium chloride and stained with toluidine blue. The optical densities of the resulting bands were compared with optical densities obtained upon reaction with azure A in aqueous solution and with the carbazole reagent. A linear relation was obtained between optical density and concentration of purified sulfated mucopolysaccharide (SMP). Less than 1 μg of Hep and 2 μg of other SMPs are required for measurement by electrophoresis, while about 30 μg of each is required with the carbazole reagent. The optical density of a mixture of SMPs was equal to the sum of the densities for the individual SMPs upon microelectrophoresis. It was demonstrated that the individual SMPs in mixtures were distinguished by reaction with specific enzymes and by changes in migration in agarose with barbital, phthalate, ethylenediamine, or propane-diamine buffers, permitting ready demonstration and quantitation of various SMP species. Examples are shown of the application of the procedure to measure the total SMPs and individual SMPs in tissue extracts. The method is sensitive, reproducible, flexible, and measures quantities [Formula: see text] of those measured colorimetrically, yet is relatively unaffected by protein, carbohydrate, or inorganic electrolytes.

Synthesis and conformation of sequential basic polypeptides with branched and linear side chains

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2925-2936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpánka Štokrová ◽  
Jan Pospíšek ◽  
Jaroslav Šponar ◽  
Karel Bláha
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Cd Spectra ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Conformational Freedom ◽  
Basic Polypeptides

Polypeptides (Lys-X-Ala)n and (Lys-X-Gly)n in which X represents residues of isoleucine and norleucine, respectively, and polypeptide (Tle-Lys-Ala)n, were synthesized via polymerization of 1-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters of the appropriate tripeptides to complete previously studied series. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the respective polymers were measured as a function of pH and salt concentration of the medium. The results were correlated with those obtained previously with the same series containing different amino acid residues at the X-position. The helix forming ability of the polypeptides (Lys-X-Ala)n with linear X side chain was found to be independent of the length. In the series (Lys-X-Gly)n the unordered conformation was the most probable one except (Lys-Ile-Gly)n. This polymer assumed the β conformation even in low salt solution at neutral pH. An agreement with some theoretical work concerned with the restriction of conformational freedom of amino acid residue branching at Cβ atom with our experimental results is evident.

Effect of Salt Concentration and Incubation Temperature on Formation of Histamine, Phenethylamine, Tryptamine and Tyramine During Miso Fermentation

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-D. HENRY CHIN ◽  
P. E. KOEHLER
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Soybean Paste ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Two Factors

Two factors, salt concentration and incubation temperature, were examined for their effect on the formation of histamine, phenethylamine, tryptamine and tyramine during miso (soybean paste) fermentation. Misos containing 5 and 10% NaCl were prepared and incubated at 25 and 35°C. The effect of each factor was determined from the chemical and microbiological changes in the misos during fermentation. Salt level was a significant factor in the formation of amines. Higher amine levels were found in low-salt (5% NaCl) formulations than in high-salt (10% NaCl) misos. Incubation temperature within the range of 25 to 35°C during fermentation had little effect on amine formation in misos.

scholarly journals Acid Blue 25 Removal by using Electro-Persulfate Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Ghorbani
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Sodium Persulfate ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Acid Blue 25 ◽  
Sulfate Process ◽  
Acid Blue

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the electro-persulfate process in removing acid blue 25 from aqueous solution. In order to optimize the parameters, the OFAT method was used, and the effect of three main parameters, including pH, sodium persulfate salt concentration, and current intensity was investigated. According to the results, the optimal removal efficiency of 94% in 60 minutes was obtained under conditions of pH=5, the initial concentration of sodium persulfate=250 mg / L, and the current=500 mA. According to the results of this study, the electro-persulfate process sulfate process can be an efficient process for dye removal from industrial effluents.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Cr6+ Onto Unmodified and Hydrochloric Acid Modified African Nutmeg Pod (Monodora myristica) from Aqueous Solution

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
F. U. Okwunodulu ◽  
H. O. Chukwuemeka-Okorie ◽  
N. M. Mgbemena ◽  
J. B. I. Kalu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Monodora Myristica ◽  
Best Fit

The removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solution using unmodified and hydrochloric modified African nutmeg pod was studied. The effects of particle size, pH and initial metal ions concentration adsorbed were investigated. The amount of metal ion adsorbed increased as the initial metal ion concentration increased and also decreased at low pH of 2 for both modified and unmodified African nutmeg pod.  400 µm and 250 µm were the optimum particle sizes for both modified and unmodified African nutmeg pod respectively, values given as 75.8 mg/g for the modified and 93.39 mg/g for the unmodified. Generally, it was observed that the unmodified African nutmeg pod showed greater adsorption capacity than the modified African nutmeg pod. The equilibrium experimental data were examined via Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.  Freundlich isotherm model gave the best fit for the data in both unmodified and modified African nutmeg pod based on the correlation coefficients (R2 values) gotten. The results of the study showed that the African nutmeg pod is efficient for the removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solutions especially when unmodified.

Maintenance of Photophosphorylation Despite Inhibition of the Transthylakoid pH Gradient by Tetracaine

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Laasch
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Energy Coupling ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Proton Pumps ◽  
Linear Electron ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Low Salt

The inhibition of the transthylakoid pH gradient, ΔpH, and of photophosphorylation by the local anesthetic tetracaine was investigated with isolated chloroplasts from Spinacia oleracea L. Tetracaine strongly inhibited ΔpH in the presence of low salt concentrations. In the presence of high salt concentrations, the inhibition of ΔpH was much smaller. This effect of salt concentration was observed only when both, cation and anion were easily membrane permeable. It was concluded that the effect of salts on ΔpH inhibition was excerted on the inside of the thylakoid membrane. The rate of photophosphorylation, Vp, driven by the PS Idependent artificial proton carrier phenazine methosulfate decreased with ΔpH in the presence of both, high and low salt concentrations. In contrast, Vp driven by the endogenous proton pumps of PS II + I-dependent linear electron flow was largely independent of ΔpH changes in the presence of low salt concentration. It appeared that energy coupling during linear electron transport, in contrast to artificially produced PS I-dependent coupling, may be localized to membrane-bound proton domains which are not accessible to the employed indicators of ΔpH. The data were discussed with respect to recent hypotheses on localized energy coupling in chloroplasts.

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