Responses of gull kidneys and salt glands to NaCl loading

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1727-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryanne R. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion

Glomerular filtration rate was measured in Glaucous-winged Gulls, Larus glaucescens, acclimated to freshwater or saline and was also measured (along with salt gland secretion) following intravenous and intragastric infusion of 700 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Freshwater- and saline-acclimated gulls had the same mean glomerular filtration rate, 5.6 ± 0.8 and 6.1 ± 1.0 mL ∙ min−1 ∙ kg−1; urine flow rate, 44 ± 20 and 46 ± 19 μL ∙ min−1 ∙ kg−1; urine/plasma osmolality ratio, 1.2 ± 0.2 and 1.7 ± 0.1; urine/plasma [14C]polyethylene glycol ratio, 210 ± 69 and 211 ± 64; and Na+ reabsorption, 99.6 ± 0.2 and 99.6 ± 0.3%, respectively. Renal function during 143 mM NaCl infusion (glomerular filtration rate, 3.4 ± 0.3 mL ∙ min−1 ∙ kg−1; urine flow rate, 19.7 ± 2.8 μL ∙ min−1 ∙ kg−1; urine/plasma osmolality ratio, 1.7 ± 0.1; urine/plasma [14C]polyethylene glycol ratio, 223 ± 26, and Na+ reabsorption 99.9 ± 0.0%) was not affected by subsequent infusion of 700 mM NaCl, although plasma osmolality was significantly increased. The urine/plasma ratio for [14C]polyethylene glycol, but not osmolality, was higher in gulls than in other avian species. Intravenously infused NaCl elicited less concentrated salt gland secretion at a significantly lower threshold plasma osmolality than intragastric NaCl infusion. Salt gland secretion and glomerular filtration rates were inversely related.Key words: bird, gull, Larus glaucescens, kidneys, salt glands, gut, sodium chloride, glomerular filtration rate, saline acclimation.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-481
Author(s):  
Malcolm A. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Acute Renal Failure ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Obstructive Uropathy ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE is an uncommon emergency which faces pediatricians. It is usually easy to recognize. The management in the early phase is critical to the survival potential of the patient. The purpose of this review is to cite the causes, characteristics, and principally the management of acute renal failure. Renal failure is defined as a state in which there is not sufficient kidney function to prevent the development of severe uremia or to maintain plasma electrolyte values in a range compatible with ordinary activities. Clinically the condition is associated with mental confusion, stupor, and frequently convulsions. Persistent hiccoughs, irregular respirations, and muscle cramps also may occur. Usually though not always, there is obvious oliguria. Since urine flow is ordinarily but 0.2-2,0% of glomerular filtration rate, and since glomerular filtration rate reduction to 5-10% may be associated with uremia, it is possible to have renal failure without oliguria. It is also possible to have physiological oliguria (< 300 ml per square meter) in response to rigid water restriction that is not related to renal failure. Hence, the term must be defined in terms of its effect on plasma composition rather than in terms of urine flow. The presence of certain clinical conditions known to result in acute renal failure should alert the physician. These include: nephrotoxie agents; hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria; shock with anoxic damage; acute, diffuse renal disease; acute dehydration in patients with chronic advanced renal disease; and acute obstructive uropathy. Nephrotoxic agents, hemoglobinuria, and shock all result in acute tubular necrosis, and recovery depends upon the capacity of the nephron to regenerate on an intact basement membrane.

Meclofenamate and urine concentration with and without exposure of the renal papilla

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (5) ◽  
pp. F423-F429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Roman ◽  
C. Lechene
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Renal Papilla ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pelvic Urine

The recent finding that inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis prevent the fall in urine concentration produced by papillary exposure challenges the hypothesis that contact between the pelvic urine and papilla is essential to the renal concentrating process. The present study examines the change in urine osmolality produced by exposure of the renal papilla in rats given meclofenamate. In control animals urine osmolality(Uosmol) decreased 57% after 2 h of exposure of the renal papilla. In rats given meclofenamate 4 mg/kg urine osmolality increased 16%, urine flow decreased 30%, and glomerular filtration rate was unchanged in the nonexposed kidney. Meclofenamate, however, did not alter the decrease in Uosmol seen in the kidney with the exposed papilla. Meclofenamate 10 mg/kg was also ineffective in preventing the fall in urine osmolality produced by papillary exposure, although this higher dose decreased glomerular filtration rate and arterial blood pressure. These results are consistent with the finding that pelvic urine urea is important to the urinary concentrating process and with the hypothesis that urine osmolality falls after papillary exposure because contact between pelvic urine and papilla is interrupted.

Effect of volume expansion and veratrine on salt gland secretion in the goose

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (5) ◽  
pp. R185-R189
Author(s):  
I. H. Zucker ◽  
C. Gilmore ◽  
J. Dietz ◽  
J. P. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion ◽  
Peripheral Receptor

The influence of acute intravascular volume expansion on salt gland secretion of conscious, adult geese was investigated. The intravenous administration of 5% dextran in Krebs-bicarbonate-Ringer solution in an amount equivalent to 30% of the estimated blood volume caused a transient but highly significant increase in salt gland secretion independent of changes in plasma osmolality or sodium concentration. Intravenous veratrine (60 microng) caused a similar increase in salt gland secretion only when administered after the volume load. Intravenous 5% NaCl always caused a prolonged and significant increase in salt gland secretion which was not potentiated by veratrine. Volume expansion and hypertonic saline caused a significant tachycardia while veratrine caused a significant bradycardia. It is concluded that a volume component may contribute to the initiation of salt gland secretion in the goose and that the peripheral receptor involved is most likely vascular in origin.

Supersensitivity to norepinephrine in chronically denervated kidneys: evidence for a postsynaptic effect

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2219-2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Krayacich ◽  
R. L. Kline ◽  
P. F. Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Infusion Of Norepinephrine

Denervation supersensitivity in chronically denervated kidneys increases renal responsiveness to increased plasma levels of norepinephrine. To determine whether this effect is caused by presynaptic (i.e., loss of uptake) or postsynaptic changes, we studied the effect of continuous infusion of norepinephrine (330 ng/min, i.v.) and methoxamine (4 μg/min, i.v.), an α1 adrenergic agonist that is not taken up by nerve terminals, on renal function of innervated and denervated kidneys. Ganglionic blockade was used to eliminate reflex adjustments in the innervated kidney and mean arterial pressure was maintained at preganglionic blockade levels by an infusion of arginine vasopressin. With renal perfusion pressure controlled there was a significantly greater decrease in renal blood flow (−67 ± 9 vs. −33 ± 8%), glomerular filtration rate (−60 ± 9 vs. −7 ± 20%), urine flow (−61 ± 7 vs. −24 ± 11%), sodium excretion (−51 ± 15 vs. −32 ± 21%), and fractional excretion of sodium (−50 ± 9 vs. −25 ± 15%) from the denervated kidneys compared with the innervated kidneys during the infusion of norepinephrine. During the infusion of methoxamine there was a significantly greater decrease from the denervated compared with the innervated kidneys in renal blood flow (−54 ± 10 vs. −30 ± 14%), glomerular filtration rate (−51 ± 11 vs. −19 ± 17%), urine flow (−55 ± 10 vs. −39 ± 10%), sodium excretion (−70 ± 9 vs. −59 ± 11%), and fractional excretion of sodium (−53 ± 10 vs. −41 ± 10%). These results suggest that vascular and tubular supersensitivity to norepinephrine in chronically denervated kidneys is due to postsynaptic changes involving α1-adrenergic receptors.

Properties of body fluids influencing salt gland secretion in Pekin ducks

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. R489-R496
Author(s):  
H. T. Hammel ◽  
C. Simon-Oppermann ◽  
E. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion ◽  
Before And After

Pekin ducks were reared and maintained on 620 mosmol NaCl/kg H2O to enhance the secretory capability of their salt glands. When a control solution of 1,000 mosmol NaCl/kg H2O was infused intravenously at 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 ml/min for 60-90 min, the infused loads were secreted in approximately equal quantities, indicating that the amount of NaCl in the extracellular fluid (ECF) before and after each infusion did not change. Salt and water secreted in response to experimental infusions of hyposmotic saline or blood were less than the solute and water infused. Thus, ECF volume increased and the Na+ concentration decreased. Infusions of control solution followed these experimental infusions. The salt and water secreted again equaled the amounts infused, indicating that the threshold concentration of Na+ ([Na+]th) for salt gland secretion was decreased by the increase in ECF volume. When the colloid dextran was added to the control solution, its infusion increased the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and decreased nasal secretion. Because dextran increased the intravascular volume while the interstitial fluid volume (ISFV) decreased, we conclude that the [Na+]th was inversely correlated with ISFV.

Renal function in sea snakes. I. Glomerular filtration rate and water handling

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. R228-R236 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Yokota ◽  
S. Benyajati ◽  
W. H. Dantzler
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Sea Snakes

Renal clearance studies were performed on anesthetized sea snakes (Aipysurus laevis) under various salt and volume loads. The median values for the control glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine flow rate (V) were 0.78 and 0.11 ml X kg-1 X h-1, respectively. Acute salt loading with 1 mol/l NaCl significantly increased V to 0.68 ml X kg-1 X h-1, whereas acute water loading significantly decreased GFR to 0.17 ml X kg-1 X h-1. Acute loading with either isosmotic NaCl or seawater did not significantly alter either V or GFR. Chronic loading with water or seawater by intraperitoneal injection significantly increased both GFR and V. No consistent relationship between plasma osmolality and GFR was observed. Instead a threshold-type relationship existed between GFR and plasma K concentration. Within each treatment group, high plasma K concentrations were correlated with low GFRs. There was an abrupt increase in GFR at low plasma K concentrations, the inflection point ranging from 2.5 to 4 mmol/l K depending on the experimental treatment. A curvilinear relationship existed between V and GFR; as GFR increased, V approached a maximal limiting value. At low GFRs (less than 0.2 ml X kg-1 X h-1), V often exceeded GFR, indicating net fluid secretion that was correlated with net Na movement. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between urine-to-plasma osmolality ratio and V. At low values of V, urine osmolalities modestly exceeded those of the plasma. Overall, renal function of A. laevis appears to be adapted to conserve water.

Effects of X-Irradiation on Renal Function of Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Smith ◽  
W. R. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Irradiation Damage ◽  
X Rays

In a study of the direct effects of irradiation on the renal function of rats whose exteriorized kidneys were exposed to massive doses of x-rays, significant augmentation of the urine flow was observed 28 days after 2500 r. On the 7th day after 2500, 3000 and 4000 r the urine flow was slightly above that of control rats. The glomerular filtration rate was enhanced on the 7th day after 2500 and 3000 r. Conversely, 28 days after these x-ray doses the filtration rate was slightly below the control values. In the 4000-r, 28-day group, the glomerular filtration rate was 43% below that of the controls. No significant changes in the renal plasma flow occurred on the 7th day after 2500, 3000 and 4000 r. An insignificant increase in the renal plasma flow was noted 28 days after 2500 and 3000 r. On the 28th day after 4000 r, however, the renal plasma flow was 51% below that of the controls. We concluded that both augmentation and depression of renal function were the result of the direct action of x-rays on the kidneys. The results also suggest that renal failure resulting from direct irradiation damage to the kidneys is not a major factor that contributes to deaths occurring within 7 days after the exposure of rats to 4000 r or less of whole-body x-rays.

Angiotensin-(1–7) in the ovine fetus

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (2) ◽  
pp. R404-R409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Moritz ◽  
Duncan J. Campbell ◽  
E. Marelyn Wintour
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Urine Flow Rate ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Arterial Blood

In the adult animal, ANG-(1–7) may counterbalance some effects of ANG II. Its effects in the fetus are unknown. Basal ANG-(1–7), ANG I, ANG II, and renin concentrations were measured in plasma from ovine fetuses and their mothers ( n = 10) at 111 days of gestation. In the fetus, concentrations of ANG I, ANG-(1–7), and ANG II were 86 ± 21, 13 ± 2, and 14 ± 2 fmol/ml, respectively. In the ewe, concentrations of ANG I were significantly lower (20 ± 4 fmol/ml, P < 0.05) as were concentrations of ANG-(1–7) (2.9 ± 0.6 fmol/ml), whereas ANG II concentrations were not different (10 ± 1 fmol/ml). Plasma renin concentrations were higher in the fetus (4.8 ± 1.1 pmol ANG I · ml−1 · h−1) than in the ewe (0.9 ± 0.2 pmol · ml−1 · h−1, P < 0.05). Infusion of ANG-(1–7) (∼9 μg/h) for a 3-day period caused a significant increase in plasma concentrations of ANG-(1–7) reaching a maximum of 448 ± 146 fmol/ml on day 3 of infusion. Plasma levels of ANG I and II as well as renin were unchanged by the infusion. Urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate, and fetal arterial blood pressure did not change and were not different than values in fetuses receiving a saline infusion for 3 days ( n = 5). However, the osmolality of amniotic and allantoic fluid was significantly higher in fetuses that received ANG-(1–7). Also, compared with the saline-infused animals, mRNA expression levels of renin, the AT1 receptor, and AT2 receptor were elevated in kidneys of fetuses that received infusions of ANG-(1–7). Infusion of an ANG-(1–7) antagonist {[d-Ala7]-ANG-(1–7), 20 μg/h} for 3 days had no effect on fetal blood pressure or renal function. In conclusion, although infusion of ANG-(1–7) did not affect fetal urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate, or blood pressure, changes in fetal fluids and gene expression indicate that ANG-(1–7) may play a role in the fetal kidney.

Salt gland and kidney responses to intracerebral osmotic stimulation in salt- and water-loaded ducks

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (6) ◽  
pp. R1022-R1028
Author(s):  
R. Gerstberger ◽  
E. Simon ◽  
D. A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
The Third ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Osmotic Stimulation ◽  
Urine Formation

Saltwater-adapted ducks with functioning supraorbital salt glands were chronically implanted with a device for perfusion of the third cerebral ventricle (icv perfusion) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of different tonicities. The osmoregulatory responses to icv stimulation were studied at conditions of salt and water loading in which only the salt glands, both salt glands and urinary fluid excretion, or only urinary fluid excretion were stimulated; in the latter experiments plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was measured with a radioimmunoassay. Hypertonic icv stimulation enhanced salt gland secretion and caused antidiuresis, due to the increase of plasma ADH. Hypotonic icv stimulation inhibited salt gland activity and caused diuresis, due to the decrease of plasma ADH. Salt gland activity, urine formation, and plasma ADH reacted more sensitively to changes of icv tonicity in the hypertonic than in the hypotonic range. The effect of icv hypotonic stimulation could be obtained also with icv perfusion of isosmotic artificial CSF deficient in NaCl content. Perfusion with artificial CSF exceeding plasma tonicity by 50 mosmol X kg-1 or more caused inhibition of salt gland secretion associated with enhanced urinary output in several experiments.

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