urine formation
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2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2062-2065
Author(s):  
Madona Baby ◽  
Prathibha Kulkarni

Ayurveda is mainly based on dosha, dhatu and mala. Mala are the substances or waste matters That are excreted out of the body. They are by-products formed as a result of various physiological activities happening inside the body. Purisha, Mutra and Sweda are considered as the main excretory product of the body and called mala. Urine formation is one of the important physiological activities of the human body in which Mutravaha Moola and waste products of Ahara Rasa contribute significantly. Basti, Mutravaha Srotansi, Vrikka, Mutravaha Nadies, Mutravaha Dhamanis and Mutravaha Sira, etc. Are major body parts which play a significant role in the process of urine formation. While modern science described the urinary bladder, nephrons, kidneys, ureters and urethra, etc as vital parts of urine formations. This article tries to critically review the formation of urine according to Ayurveda. Keywords: Mala, Mutra, Mutravaha Srothas, urine formation


Author(s):  
Н.А. Верлов ◽  
С.Б. Ланда ◽  
В.В. Егоров ◽  
Ю.В. Эмануэль ◽  
В.Л. Эмануэль

Введение. Уромодулин является основным белком присутствующим в моче в норме, его физиологическая роль очень разнообразна. Оценка его вклада в стабилизацию коллоида мочи в норме и при различных патологических состояниях требует детального исследования олигомерных форм, присутствующих в моче, их структуры и функций. Цель работы - изучение структурных особенностей олигомерных форм белка уромодулина в моче здоровых добровольцев и пациентов с подтверждённым уролитиазом и выявление связи структуры белка и его роли в стабилизации коллоида мочи. Методика. Методом динамического рассеяния света, анализом треков наночастиц и измерением дзета-потенциала изучены биофизические свойства изоформ уромодулина (UM), присутствующего в нативной моче в виде олигомерных форм, из которых можно выделить 2 основные: UM(7) - глобулярная молекула массой 7MDa, характеризуется гидродинамическим радиусом Rh=90-100 нм и отрицательным поверхностным зарядом величиной 25 - 30 мВ; UM(28) - массой 28MDa обладает палочкоподобной структурой с гидродинамическим радиусом Rh=200-300 нм и существенно меньшим по величине поверхностным зарядом 0 - -7 мВ. Результаты. В норме в моче UM(7) является доминантной формой, при этом вклад UM(28) либо отсутствует, либо незначителен. При уролитиазе доля UM(7) радикально уменьшается и вклад UM(28) становится основным. В модельных экспериментах показаны различия этих переходов в моче здоровых лиц и пациентов с уролитиазом в зависимости от величины pH и концентрации одновалентных катионов: натрия, калия и аммония. Заключение. На основании полученных данных существенно расширено представление о саногенетической системе коллоидного гомеостаза мочеобразования и патогенезе кристаллогенеза. Аппроксимация выдвинутой концепции развития патологического кристаллогенеза в клиническую практику расширяют информативность превентивной диагностики уролитиаза. Introduction. Uromodulin is the major protein, which is normally present in urine and plays multiple physiological roles. Evaluation of the uromodulin contribution to stabilization of urinary colloids in normal and various pathological conditions requires a comprehensive study of uromodulin oligomeric forms occurring in urine, their structure and functions. The aim of this work was studying structural features of uromodulin oligomeric forms in the urine of healthy volunteers and patients with confirmed urolithiasis and identifying a relationship between the protein structure and role in stabilization of urinary colloids. Methods. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and measurement of zeta potential were used to study biophysical properties of uromodulin (UM) isoforms. UM is present in native urine as oligomeric forms, including two major ones: i) UM (7), a 7MDa globular molecule characterized by a hydrodynamic radius Rh = 90-100 nm and a negative surface charge of 25-30 mV and ii) UM (28), a rod-like 28MDa molecule with a hydrodynamic radius of Rh=200-300 nm and a significantly lower surface charge of 0 --7 mV. Results. Normally, UM (7) is a dominant form in urine whereas the UM (28) contribution is either non-existent or minor. In urolithiasis, the proportion of UM (7) decreases drastically, and the contribution of UM (28) becomes primary. Model experiments showed differences between these transitions in the urine of healthy individuals and patients with urolithiasis depending on pH values and concentrations of monovalent cations, including sodium, potassium, and ammonium. Conclusion. The study results considerably expanded the concept of the sanogenetic system of colloidal homeostasis in urine formation and the pathogenesis of crystallogenesis. Approximating the proposed concept of pathological crystallogenesis in clinical practice expands the informative value of preventive diagnosis of urolithiasis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-159
Author(s):  
Andrea Paleari ◽  
Egidio Paolo Beretta ◽  
Michele Augusto Riva

Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720) was one of the most important Italian physicians of the modern age. Orphaned of his mother, he spent his early years in the city of Orvieto; when he was 12, his father brought him back to Rome and enrolled him to study medicine at the Sapienza University in Rome. His dedication to study and work soon led him to increasingly important positions. Within a few years, the fame of Lancisi became such that he was appointed the personal physician of three popes. In De Subitaneis Mortibus (1707), he described the pathophysiology of heart diseases, identifying the cause of sudden deaths in structural anomalies of the heart, lungs, and brain. He also wrote about cerebral localizations and first discussed the physiological mechanisms of urine formation and excretion. In 1717, Lancisi described the pathogenesis of malaria and the close correlation between its onset and the swampy waters of the Tiber River, proposing the draining of marshes to eradicate malaria. In the posthumous De Motu Cordis et Aneurysmatibus (1728) he described for the first time heart dilatation and aneurysms of the great vessels, providing a fundamental contribution to the history of cardiovascular physiology. Proof of his interest in medical education is the establishment of an academy and the donation of a library to the hospital, bridging the gap between theory and practice in medical training. Over the centuries, Lancisi’s memory has faded, but his work is still relevant for anyone practicing the medical profession.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Aakriti Mishra ◽  
Daniel Harwood ◽  
Joss Wertz ◽  
Christopher Gutjahr

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) is a rare, chronic disease characterized by the destruction of renal parenchyma and replacement with granulomatous tissue and is associated with long-term obstructive uropathy, chronic renal parenchymal infection, and nephrolithiasis. A 57-year-old patient with XGPN was unable to undergo total nephrectomy. Renal artery embolization (RAE) was performed post subtotal nephrectomy as adjunct therapy to prevent urine formation and decrease the risk of post-operative infection. Our case report demonstrates that RAE can be performed safely and effectively without evident complications and underscores the utility of cone-beam computed tomography in cases of altered post-surgical anatomy. To the author’s knowledge, this is the second case in the literature demonstrating perioperative management of XGPN with RAE.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Pavlov ◽  
◽  
A.G. Dzidzaria ◽  
I.B. Kravtsov ◽  
A.D. Tsybulsky ◽  
...  

Introduction. According to autopsies, the frequency of unilateral kidney dystopia ranges from 1:660 to 1: 1000, with an average of 1:800 newborns, and lumbar dystopia is more common, mainly in boys. The left kidney is dystopian more often than the right. Bilateral dystopia is rare. In the structure of cancer incidence in the Russian population, bladder cancer ranks 9th among men and 17th among women. When analyzing the literature data, we did not find any recommendations for methods of urine derivation in patients with diagnosed bladder cancer in pelvic kidney dystopia. Materials and methods. Clinical case. A patient with a diagnosis of bladder cancer сT3bN0M0G1 associated with concomitant abnormality of the kidneys and urinary tract (pelvic kidney dystopia with shortening of the ureters) was admitted to the Department of oncourology of the Federal state budgetary institution RSCRR. The decision was made on the implementation of laparoscopic radical contractattachments, with an attempt of derivation of urine (formation ureteroileostomy) by Bricker. Intraoperatively: given the short length of the ureters, the location of the kidneys, it was decided to impose an end-to-end anastomosis of the ileoconduit with the pelvis of the right kidney, ureteroileoanastomosis end-to-side on the left. Based on the results of histological examination, the final clinical diagnosis was made: рТ2bN1М0G1R-. Results. 3 months after surgical treatment, no complications were observed, according to control studies, both anastomoses are passable. The planned adjuvant pоlichemotherapy (PCT) has been completed. There are no data for disease progression in the control examination. Conclusion. The method of urine removal is determined intraoperatively. In this patient, the condition and length of the right ureter did not allow performing classical ureteroileoanastomosis (end-to-end), and therefore pyeloileoanastomosis was performed on the right. On the left, the length of the ureter made it possible to perform end-to-side ureteroileoanastomosis, but only if the ileoconduit was removed to the left side.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 4426-4430
Author(s):  
Bhuvnesh Sharma ◽  
Gyanendra Datta Shukla ◽  
Parul Sharma

Kidneys plays a vital role in homeostasis by maintaining the body fluid and removing the harmful toxins out of the body through urine formation. Chronic kidney disease is a type of kidney disease which is pro-gressive in nature and there is gradual loss of kidney function over a period of months or years and have complex and different etio-pathologies. With the growing number of cases and keeping in mind the availa-ble conventional line of treatment and its financial burden on patient, Ayurveda through its holistic line of management, either in the form of Shamana & Shodhana or in the form of dietary advices stand distinct and it seems to be effective and safe. And by including proper daily dietary rules and regimens in patients of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) it can be very effectively managed. Here Trinpanchmool, Punarnava, Gokshur used in Basti. Basti plays a vital role here in CKD, it helps in expelling out the uremic toxins which originates in gut thereby improving the quality of life and reducing the sign and symptoms of dis-ease.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggita Simorangkir ◽  
Martina Asiati Napitupulu

This research aims to know the student’s learning difficulty on the material of Human Excretion System from cognitive aspects and indicator aspects and factors causing students learning difficulties on the Human Excretion System on class XI IPA SMA Swasta Teladan Medan Academic Year 2017/2018. The population of this research is all students of class XI IPA which amounts to 118 students. The sample was taken by purposive sampling which amounts to 45 students. The instruments used to obtain data were tested student learning outcomes in the material of the Human Excretion System and learning difficulties questionnaire. The results of the research showed that students were categorized as incomplete. The percentage of student learning difficulties in cognitive aspect for C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 is 40,11% (medium), 37,82% (low), 41,69% (medium), 53,39% (medium), 49,15% (medium), dan 60,45% (high). The percentage of student learning difficulties based on the learning indicators is mentioned the meaning of the excretion system and its organs in the amount of 37,29% (low), identify the structure and function of the kidney in the amount of 35,59% (low), describe the structure of the nephron and explain the process of human urine formation in the amount of 42,91% (medium), identify the structure and function of the liver in the amount of 42,94% (medium), identify the structure and function of the lung in the amount of 47,46% (medium), identify the structure and function of the skin in the amount of 48,31% (medium), and determine abnormalities or diseases in human excretory organs in the amount of 55,37% (medium). Difficulties in the indicators of structure and function of the kidney and the process of formation of urine are categorized as inhibitory. Indicators of the understanding of the excretion system and its organs, the structure and function of the lung, the structure and function of the liver, abnormalities in the human excretory system, and the learning system in the material of the human excretory system are quite inhibiting categories. While indicators of the structure and function of the skin are categorized as not inhibiting.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Ansermet ◽  
Gabriel Centeno ◽  
Svetlana Nikolaeva ◽  
Marc P. Maillard ◽  
Sylvain Pradervand ◽  
...  

Abstract Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or the rate of primary urine formation, is the key indicator of renal function. Studies have demonstrated that GFR exhibits significant circadian rhythmicity and, that these rhythms are disrupted in a number of pathologies. Here, we tested a hypothesis that the circadian rhythm of GFR is driven by intrinsic glomerular circadian clocks. We used mice lacking the circadian clock protein BMAL1 specifically in podocytes, highly specialized glomerular cells critically involved in the process of glomerular filtration (Bmal1lox/lox/Nphs2-rtTA/LC1 or, cKO mice). Circadian transcriptome profiling performed on isolated glomeruli from control and cKO mice revealed that the circadian clock controls expression of multiple genes encoding proteins essential for normal podocyte function. Direct assessment of glomerular filtration by inulin clearance demonstrated that circadian rhythmicity in GFR was lost in cKO mice that displayed an ultradian rhythm of GFR with 12-h periodicity. The disruption of circadian rhythmicity in GFR was paralleled by significant changes in circadian patterns of urinary creatinine, sodium, potassium and water excretion and by alteration in the diurnal pattern of plasma aldosterone levels. Collectively, these results indicate that the intrinsic circadian clock in podocytes participate in circadian rhythmicity of GFR.


Author(s):  
B. N. Gadve ◽  
Sejal A. Patil

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a threat to global health in general and for developing countries in particular. Globally CRF is the 12th highest cause of death. CRF is a progressive loss in renal function taking place over a period of months or years. This initially manifests only as a biochemical abnormality. CRF is considered when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls below 30ml/min. The conventional approach of management includes dialysis and renal transplantation, which are not affordable. Therefore, exploration of a safe and alternative therapy is needed. In Ayurveda, the disease can be consider as complication arising from various urinary disorders. A hampering of the function of basti, i.e. urine formation, results in the accumulation of several noxious products in circulation which need excreted management is aimed at eliminating these toxins, to protect the accessible renal cells rejuvenate the quiet cells. In Ayurveda several drugs are used as nephroprotective and this group of drug acts as good non- specific cytoprotectives. In this regard Ayurveda provides leads through its holistic line of management by in co-operative dietary and lifestyle invention and bio-balancing effects of Ayurvedic drugs.  


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