Sex-specific intertidal habitat use in subtropically wintering Bar-tailed Godwits

Habitat use by sexually dimorphic Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica) was examined in an Australian estuary during the midwintering (NovemberDecember) and premigratory (March) periods of a nonbreeding season. In an area with two available habitats, Zostera seagrass beds and unvegetated sand flats, males occurred almost exclusively in seagrass, whereas the females occurred at equal densities in both habitats. Estimates of intake rates seemed greater for individuals foraging in seagrass (0.1140.128 g dry mass (DM)·min1) than on sand (0.0640.087 g DM·min1). Males appeared less well adapted for foraging on sand than in seagrass, and the presence of females could interfere with males' foraging on sand. The reason for the equal distribution of the females between the habitats probably lies in the inability of one particular habitat to support the entire population of females. Little interhabitat movement by individuals was detected. Within a habitat, sexes moved synchronously at the 1-ha scale but showed a degree of segregation at the individual scale, suggesting that some avoidance existed. Three diet types were observed in the godwits in the area: (1) dominated by soldier crabs (Mictyris longicarpus) on sand, (2) dominated by sentinel crabs (Macrophthalmus spp.) in seagrass, and (3) dominated by soft-bodied prey in seagrass.

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Modelling nearshore intertidal habitat use of young-of-the-year Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada

Environmental Biology of Fishes ◽

10.1007/s10641-008-9374-2 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 473-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Trevor B. Haynes ◽

Clifford K. L. Robinson ◽

Philip Dearden

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Habitat Use ◽

Intertidal Habitat ◽

Sand Lance ◽

Ammodytes Hexapterus ◽

Barkley Sound ◽

Pacific Sand Lance ◽

Young Of The Year

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Orientation-Dependent Reflection of Structurally Coloured Butterflies

Biomimetics ◽

10.3390/biomimetics5010005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Sigrid Zobl ◽

Bodo D. Wilts ◽

Willi Salvenmoser ◽

Peter Pölt ◽

Ille C. Gebeshuber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orientation Dependence ◽

Butterfly Species ◽

Butterfly Wing ◽

Step Size ◽

Photonic Structures ◽

Light Interference ◽

Important Input ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual ◽

Wing Scales

The photonic structures of butterfly wing scales are widely known to cause angle-dependent colours by light interference with nanostructures present in the wing scales. Here, we quantify the relevance of the horizontal alignment of the butterfly wing scales on the wing. The orientation-dependent reflection was measured at four different azimuth angles, with a step size of 90°, for ten samples—two of different areas of the same species—of eight butterfly species of three subfamilies at constant angles of illumination and observation. For the observed species with varying optical structures, the wing typically exhibits higher orientation-dependent reflections than the individual scale. We find that the measured anisotropy is caused by the commonly observed grating structures that can be found on all butterfly wing scales, rather than the local photonic structures. Our results show that the technique employed here can be used to quickly evaluate the orientation-dependence of the reflection and hence provide important input for bio-inspired applications, e.g., to identify whether the respective structure is suitable as a template for nano-imprinting techniques.

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4160 Evaluating Student Team Dynamics

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2020.210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (s1) ◽

pp. 61-61

Author(s):

Celia Chao ◽

Emma Tumilty ◽

Celia Chao ◽

Judith Aronson ◽

Jonathan D. Hommel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Percentage ◽

Team Dynamics ◽

Team Science ◽

Equal Distribution ◽

Team Members ◽

Project Completion ◽

Short Commentary ◽

Study Population ◽

Workload Distribution ◽

The Individual

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aimed to explore the students’ assessments of workload distribution by comparing personal reflective commentaries and team documents defining division of labor in a team science setting. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Interprofessional Research Design course models the team science experience by bringing together MD and PhD students to write a research grant. Four teams of 13 students were tasked with both individual and team-based assignments: 1) Each week, each student reported their perception of their own and their team members’ effort over the week (totalling 100%). 2) Iterative work contracts for each team were submitted at four time-points; assigned work toward project completion totalled 100%. 3) Lastly, each student submitted a short commentary reflecting on the prior week’s team dynamics and teamwork. We retrospectively performed a mixed-methods analysis of the workload data. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Group-reporting in the team contracts remained static throughout the course, often stating equal distribution of workload, whereas individual reporting was more dynamic. Of 13 students, 8 rated more than 50% of the weeks as balanced. Among some students, there was a discordance of workload distribution when comparing the group document to the individual perceptions of work performed by their teammates. Reflective writing mapped more closely to individual quantitative reports. The data also revealed within team variations, where one student may report a higher proportion of their contributions, while the rest of the team attributed that student a lower percentage of the total work. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: An important aspect of team function is workload distribution. Group-based workload discussions may be a useful framework, but does not provide insight into team dynamics, whereas individually reported workload distributions and short reflections seem to more accurately inform us on team function.

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Sex ratio and sexual selection in wormshrimps (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Ingolfiellidea)

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-0750304007 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 75 (03-04) ◽

pp. 189-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ronald Vonk ◽

Vincent Nijman

Keyword(s):

Sexual Selection ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Habitat Use ◽

Individual Species ◽

Small Populations ◽

Secondary Sexual Characters ◽

Elusive Species ◽

The Individual ◽

Secondary Sexual

Small populations of several species of the groundwater dwelling amphipod genus Ingolfiella are found in caves, wells, seabottoms, beaches and riverbed interstitial habitats. To gain insight in the socio-ecology of these elusive species, we used data from collected specimens to explore the relationships between sexratios, display of secondary sexual characters and other morphological features, and habitat use. We extracted data on the sex ratios and the presence-absence of secondary sexual characters of 13 species from the literature and through examination of museum material. We found a clearly skewed sex ratio with a preponderance of females, both in the individual species as in the genus as a whole. However, sex ratio and the display of secondary sexual characters were not correlated, nor did these characters correlate with the amount of sexual dimorphism. It remains unknown why so many ingolfiellids have evolved these costly features.

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Alternative Approaches to Analyzing SWAT Data

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128703100114 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 63-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David W. Biers ◽

Philip J. Masline

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Memory Task ◽

Task Demands ◽

Conjoint Measurement ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Using Data ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

The present study sought to determine the sensitivity of three alternative approaches to deriving a workload composite measure based upon data gathered using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) and to determine through the use of multivariate statistical procedures (MANOVA) if anything is to be gained by retaining the individual scale information of SWAT. The three rating scale dimensions of SWAT (time load, mental effort load, psychological stress load) were combined into a single workload composite using three techniques: conjoint measurement; a simple sum of the three scales weighted equally; an empirically determined weighted-linear combination of the three scales (from MANOVA). Using data gathered by having subjects perform a continuous memory task under twelve levels of task difficulty, it was found that the three composite measures were equally sensitive and highly correlated (the minimum correlation among the three composites being 0.9913). The results of the MANOVA performed on the same data indicated that the individual scales of SWAT were differentially sensitive to different task demands and that individual scale information should be retained rather than rely on a simple composite.

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Temporal variation in intertidal habitat use by nekton at seasonal and diel scales

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.jembe.2019.04.009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 516 ◽

pp. 25-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Collin Gross ◽

Jennifer L. Ruesink ◽

Casey Pruitt ◽

Alan C. Trimble ◽

Cinde Donoghue

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Temporal Variation ◽

Intertidal Habitat

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Reflexion of light by external surfaces of the herring, Clupea harengus

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400016544 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 711-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

E. J. Denton ◽

J. A. C. Nicol

Keyword(s):

Green Light ◽

Normal Incidence ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Histological Studies ◽

Fresh Fish ◽

Wide Range ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

The orientations of the reflecting layers in the external surfaces of the herring have been found both by light-measurements on the fresh fish and by histological studies on preserved specimens.The reflecting platelets which lie under the scales are orientated, with respect to the surface of the fish, in a similar way to the platelets found in the bleak and described earlier by Demon & Nicol (1965). However, on the curved dorsum of the fish, although the reflecting platelets are much more perpendicular to the sea surface than the scales on which they lie, these platelets are still inclined some 20° to the perpendicular. It is shown that, in this region, the fish reflects the fraction of the light striking the platelets which is sufficient to match the background against which the fish is seen. The platelets on the curved dorsum have the property of reflecting green light well if it falls obliquely on them but reflecting it poorly when it strikes them at angles close to normal incidence. On the broad flank of the herring the scales have reflecting platelets under most of their surfaces, and the individual scale has several distinctly coloured regions. When we look at any particular region of the flank of an intact fish we are always looking at several overlapping layers differing greatly from one another in their spectral reflecting properties.It is the combination of the reflexions of several layers which gives the very bright silvery reflexions of the intact fish. A system of overlapping scales of this kind is needed even to reflect one waveband of light well over a wide range of angles of incidence.

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Individual-scale inference to anticipate climate-change vulnerability of biodiversity

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2011.0183 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 367 (1586) ◽

pp. 236-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

James S. Clark ◽

David M. Bell ◽

Matthew Kwit ◽

Anne Stine ◽

Ben Vierra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Demographic Rates ◽

Competitive Environments ◽

Scale Models ◽

Competition For Light ◽

Input Variables ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual ◽

Demographic Responses

Anticipating how biodiversity will respond to climate change is challenged by the fact that climate variables affect individuals in competition with others, but interest lies at the scale of species and landscapes. By omitting the individual scale, models cannot accommodate the processes that determine future biodiversity. We demonstrate how individual-scale inference can be applied to the problem of anticipating vulnerability of species to climate. The approach places climate vulnerability in the context of competition for light and soil moisture. Sensitivities to climate and competition interactions aggregated from the individual tree scale provide estimates of which species are vulnerable to which variables in different habitats. Vulnerability is explored in terms of specific demographic responses (growth, fecundity and survival) and in terms of the synthetic response (the combination of demographic rates), termed climate tracking. These indices quantify risks for individuals in the context of their competitive environments. However, by aggregating in specific ways (over individuals, years, and other input variables), we provide ways to summarize and rank species in terms of their risks from climate change.

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