Influence of OSHV-1 oyster mortality episode on dissolved inorganic fluxes: An ex situ experiment at the individual scale

The photonic structures of butterfly wing scales are widely known to cause angle-dependent colours by light interference with nanostructures present in the wing scales. Here, we quantify the relevance of the horizontal alignment of the butterfly wing scales on the wing. The orientation-dependent reflection was measured at four different azimuth angles, with a step size of 90°, for ten samples—two of different areas of the same species—of eight butterfly species of three subfamilies at constant angles of illumination and observation. For the observed species with varying optical structures, the wing typically exhibits higher orientation-dependent reflections than the individual scale. We find that the measured anisotropy is caused by the commonly observed grating structures that can be found on all butterfly wing scales, rather than the local photonic structures. Our results show that the technique employed here can be used to quickly evaluate the orientation-dependence of the reflection and hence provide important input for bio-inspired applications, e.g., to identify whether the respective structure is suitable as a template for nano-imprinting techniques.

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Alternative Approaches to Analyzing SWAT Data

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128703100114 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 63-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David W. Biers ◽

Philip J. Masline

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Memory Task ◽

Task Demands ◽

Conjoint Measurement ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Using Data ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

The present study sought to determine the sensitivity of three alternative approaches to deriving a workload composite measure based upon data gathered using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) and to determine through the use of multivariate statistical procedures (MANOVA) if anything is to be gained by retaining the individual scale information of SWAT. The three rating scale dimensions of SWAT (time load, mental effort load, psychological stress load) were combined into a single workload composite using three techniques: conjoint measurement; a simple sum of the three scales weighted equally; an empirically determined weighted-linear combination of the three scales (from MANOVA). Using data gathered by having subjects perform a continuous memory task under twelve levels of task difficulty, it was found that the three composite measures were equally sensitive and highly correlated (the minimum correlation among the three composites being 0.9913). The results of the MANOVA performed on the same data indicated that the individual scales of SWAT were differentially sensitive to different task demands and that individual scale information should be retained rather than rely on a simple composite.

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Correlative Nanomechanical Measurements for Complex Engineered Systems

MRS Advances ◽

10.1557/adv.2016.76 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (12) ◽

pp. 799-804 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eric D. Hintsala ◽

Syed Asif ◽

Douglas D. Stauffer

Keyword(s):

Contact Pressure ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Metallic Oxide ◽

Complex Engineered Systems ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Important Input ◽

Engineered Systems ◽

The Individual ◽

Disc Drive

ABSTRACTMultilayered film stacks, with length scales less than 10 nm are commonly used in a variety of devices, but present significant challenges to mechanical testing and evaluation. This is due to property convolution of the different layers. Both the properties of the individual layers and the combined response of the film stack are important input for design optimization. Here, we present ex-situ nanoindentation of a film stack representative of a perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) hard disc drive (HDD), with more than 10 layers. We then compare this with in-situ transmission electron microscopy indentation to visualize deformation of individual layers of the stack. The ex-situ testing reveals early plastic deformation, with an initially high contact pressure (13 GPa) and modulus ( >160 GPa), followed by significant softening (8 GPa contact pressure and 140 GPa modulus), then slight hardening to 9 GPa. From in-situ testing, it is revealed that the metallic layer directly under the diamond like carbon (DLC) contributes the majority of the deformation and plastic flow, which is in turn constrained by a metallic oxide.

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Reflexion of light by external surfaces of the herring, Clupea harengus

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400016544 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 711-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

E. J. Denton ◽

J. A. C. Nicol

Keyword(s):

Green Light ◽

Normal Incidence ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Histological Studies ◽

Fresh Fish ◽

Wide Range ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

The orientations of the reflecting layers in the external surfaces of the herring have been found both by light-measurements on the fresh fish and by histological studies on preserved specimens.The reflecting platelets which lie under the scales are orientated, with respect to the surface of the fish, in a similar way to the platelets found in the bleak and described earlier by Demon & Nicol (1965). However, on the curved dorsum of the fish, although the reflecting platelets are much more perpendicular to the sea surface than the scales on which they lie, these platelets are still inclined some 20° to the perpendicular. It is shown that, in this region, the fish reflects the fraction of the light striking the platelets which is sufficient to match the background against which the fish is seen. The platelets on the curved dorsum have the property of reflecting green light well if it falls obliquely on them but reflecting it poorly when it strikes them at angles close to normal incidence. On the broad flank of the herring the scales have reflecting platelets under most of their surfaces, and the individual scale has several distinctly coloured regions. When we look at any particular region of the flank of an intact fish we are always looking at several overlapping layers differing greatly from one another in their spectral reflecting properties.It is the combination of the reflexions of several layers which gives the very bright silvery reflexions of the intact fish. A system of overlapping scales of this kind is needed even to reflect one waveband of light well over a wide range of angles of incidence.

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Individual-scale inference to anticipate climate-change vulnerability of biodiversity

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2011.0183 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 367 (1586) ◽

pp. 236-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

James S. Clark ◽

David M. Bell ◽

Matthew Kwit ◽

Anne Stine ◽

Ben Vierra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Demographic Rates ◽

Competitive Environments ◽

Scale Models ◽

Competition For Light ◽

Input Variables ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual ◽

Demographic Responses

Anticipating how biodiversity will respond to climate change is challenged by the fact that climate variables affect individuals in competition with others, but interest lies at the scale of species and landscapes. By omitting the individual scale, models cannot accommodate the processes that determine future biodiversity. We demonstrate how individual-scale inference can be applied to the problem of anticipating vulnerability of species to climate. The approach places climate vulnerability in the context of competition for light and soil moisture. Sensitivities to climate and competition interactions aggregated from the individual tree scale provide estimates of which species are vulnerable to which variables in different habitats. Vulnerability is explored in terms of specific demographic responses (growth, fecundity and survival) and in terms of the synthetic response (the combination of demographic rates), termed climate tracking. These indices quantify risks for individuals in the context of their competitive environments. However, by aggregating in specific ways (over individuals, years, and other input variables), we provide ways to summarize and rank species in terms of their risks from climate change.

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FACTOR ANALYSIS AS OPTIMAL METHOD IN DETERMINING MOTORIC ABILITIES AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE, HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELLNESS OF PERSPECTIVE JUDOKAS

Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport ◽

10.22190/fupes170927010p ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Dragan Popović ◽

Dragana Mitić ◽

Jasna Popović ◽

Evagelija Boli ◽

Evdokia Samouilidou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Physical Education ◽

Life Assessment ◽

Current Status ◽

Optimal Method ◽

Scale Scores ◽

And Gender ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

The goal of this study is a comparative analysis of the possibilities of physical education for children with health problems and the current status in boys and girls. Understanding the concept of impaired health is a precondition for the realization of the training process and possible integration in the process of physical education, according to the structure of health disadvantages. Quality of life assessment is performed on three levels. The first level are items that are given in the form of a statement. On the second level, item-like particles are observed in the sub-segments (scales that cover different dimensions of health and quality of life). The raw scores of each scale are transformed into standardized ones with a possible value of 1-4, which facilitates the interpretation of the results. The third level represents total physical and psycho-social health. Up to this level, there are certain mathematical procedures, based on the individual scale scores. Comparative analyses in regard of the cultural and gender specificities are provided, based on MANOVA and DISCRA analyses, within the introductory part, and 11 scales of the Questionnaire. Analysis of the data point out major differences in the possibility of physical activity application in children with medical conditions, with a special overview of boys and girls from diverse cultural and social backgrounds, in Serbia and the Northern Aegean region of Greece.

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About the Triggering of UN Sustainable Development Goals and Regenerative Sustainability in Higher Education

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11010254 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 254 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Giulia Sonetti ◽

Martin Brown ◽

Emanuele Naboni

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Sustainable Development Goals ◽

Global Climate ◽

Ethical Reasoning ◽

Global Dimension ◽

Environmental Crisis ◽

Development Goals ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual ◽

And Behavior

Humans are at the center of global climate change: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are igniting sustainability with proactive, global, social goals, moving us away from the Brundtland paradigm ‘do nothing today to compromise tomorrows generation’. This promotes a regenerative shift in the sustainability concept, no longer only considering resources and energy, but also significant human-centric attributes. Despite this, precise ecological and sustainable attitudes have little prognostic value regarding final related individual human behavior. The global cultural challenge, dominated by technological innovations and business imperatives, alongside the mirroring technological fallacy and lack of ethical reasoning, makes the role of small actions, at individual and at academic scale even harder. This paper outlines the context in which universities can collaborate and contribute to triggering sustainability values, attitudes, and behavior within future regenerative societies. This contribution consists in three main areas: the first analyzes the issue of sustainability transitions at the individual scale, where influencing factors and value–behavior links are presented as reviewed from a number of multi and transdisciplinary scholars’ works. The second part enlarges the picture to the global dimension, tracing the ideological steps of our current environmental crisis, from the differences in prevailing western and eastern values, tradition, and perspectives, to the technological fallacy and the power of the narratives of changes. Finally, the task of our role as academics in the emerging ‘integrative humanities’ science is outlined with education promoted as an essential driver in moving from sustainability to regenerative paradigms.

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Multiscale Eulerian CFD of Chemical Processes: A Review

ChemEngineering ◽

10.3390/chemengineering4020023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Son Ich Ngo ◽

Young-Il Lim

Keyword(s):

Bubble Columns ◽

Coarse Grained ◽

Navier Stokes ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Single Scale ◽

Liquid Bubble ◽

Coupling Strategy ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

This review covers the scope of multiscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD), laying the framework for studying hydrodynamics with and without chemical reactions in single and multiple phases regarded as continuum fluids. The molecular, coarse-grained particle, and meso-scale dynamics at the individual scale are excluded in this review. Scoping single-scale Eulerian CFD approaches, the necessity of multiscale CFD is highlighted. First, the Eulerian CFD theory, including the governing and turbulence equations, is described for single and multiple phases. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based turbulence model such as the standard k-ε equation is briefly presented, which is commonly used for industrial flow conditions. Following the general CFD theories based on the first-principle laws, a multiscale CFD strategy interacting between micro- and macroscale domains is introduced. Next, the applications of single-scale CFD are presented for chemical and biological processes such as gas distributors, combustors, gas storage tanks, bioreactors, fuel cells, random- and structured-packing columns, gas-liquid bubble columns, and gas-solid and gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds. Several multiscale simulations coupled with Eulerian CFD are reported, focusing on the coupling strategy between two scales. Finally, challenges to multiscale CFD simulations are discussed. The need for experimental validation of CFD results is also presented to lay the groundwork for digital twins supported by CFD. This review culminates in conclusions and perspectives of multiscale CFD.

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More than Just Food: Food Insecurity and Resilient Place Making through Community Self-Organising

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11102942 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2942 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Megan K. Blake

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Community Resources ◽

Time Activity ◽

Multi Scale ◽

The Face ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual ◽

Community Spaces ◽

The Relationship

This research considers the relationship between neoliberalism, poverty and food insecurity and how this impacts on the ability of a community to self-organise and become resilient. Specifically, it examines shocks imposed by the implementation of austerity policy and neoliberal welfare reform and the longer term individualisation that gives rise to greater vulnerability to such shocks and how community organisations encourage different levels of resilience in the face of this. Original findings from case study and qualitative analysis are twofold. Firstly, food insecurity effects are not only hunger and poor health experienced at the individual scale, but they also extend into places through the loss of social networks, erosion of community spaces, denigration of local foodscapes and collective de-skilling that limits the community resources needed for self-organising. Secondly, the ways in which food support is provided in communities has implications for how communities can regain the resources they need to be able to enact resilience in the face of trouble and difficulty. As such, the research demonstrates that self-organising is more than free-time activity; in these conditions, the capacity to self-organise is a vital community asset that is necessary for building resilience and social sustainability. As such, policy responses to poverty should take a multi-scale approach.

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Wavelet‐transform‐based prestack multiscale Kirchhoff migration

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1836823 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 1505-1512 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zhou Yu ◽

George A. McMechan ◽

Phil D. Anno ◽

John F. Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Wavelet Transform ◽

Wavelet Decomposition ◽

Computational Cost ◽

Synthetic Data ◽

Phase Distortion ◽

Discrete Wavelet ◽

Wavelet Coefficients ◽

Kirchhoff Migration ◽

Individual Scale ◽

The Individual

We propose a Kirchhoff‐style algorithm that migrates coefficients obtained by wavelet decomposition of seismic traces over time. Wavelet‐based prestack multiscale Kirchhoff migration involves four steps: wavelet decomposition of the seismic data, thresholding of the resulting wavelet coefficients, multiscale Kirchhoff migration, and image reconstruction from the multiscale images. The migration procedure applied to each wavelet scale is the same as conventional Kirchhoff migration but operates on wavelet coefficients. Since only the wavelet coefficients are migrated, the cost of wavelet‐based migration is reduced compared to that of conventional Kirchhoff migration. Kirchhoff migration of wavelet‐decomposed data, followed by wavelet reconstruction, is kinematically equivalent to and yields similar migrated signal shapes and amplitudes as conventional Kirchhoff migration when data at all wavelet scales are included. The decimation in the conventional discrete pyramid wavelet decomposition introduces a translation‐variant phase distortion in the wavelet domain. This phase distortion is overcome by using a stationary wavelet‐transform rather than the conventional discrete wavelet‐transform of the data to be migrated. A wavelet reconstruction operator produces a single composite broadband migrated space‐domain image from multiscale images. Multiscale images correspond to responses in different frequency windows, and migrating the data at each scale has a different cost. Migrating some, or only one, of the individual scale data sets considerably reduces the computational cost of the migration. Successful 2D tests are shown for migrations of synthetic data for a point‐diffractor model, a multilayer model, and the Marmousi model.

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