An intra- and inter-island study of the polytene chromosomes of Simulium exasperans (Diptera: Simuliidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 808-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Spironello ◽  
Fiona F Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Heterozygote Advantage ◽  
Chromosomal Banding ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons ◽  
First Time

The polytene chromosome banding pattern of Simulium exasperans (Craig, 1987) is described for the first time. Three populations of S. exasperans from Moorea and Tahiti were examined cytologically. Interspecific comparisons revealed that S. exasperans is homosequential in chromosomal banding pattern to Simulium cataractarum (Craig, 1987), but contains three species-characteristic floating inversions: IL-1ex.2ex, IIL-1ex,2ex, and IIIL-1ex. No sex-linked inversions were identified; males and females had undifferentiated sex chromosomes. The IIL-1ex,2ex inversion was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium in two of the three populations. From this preliminary data, two cytotypes may exist: cytotype A (Belvedre Cascade population) and cytotype B (1st Afareaitu Cascade and Jardin Public Vaipahi populations). Contrary to phylogenetic and biogeographic data, it is hypothesized that the Belvedre Cascade population (cytotype A) is ancestral to the populations containing cytotype B. Furthermore, a heterozygote advantage may exist in cytotype B.

Cytotaxonomy of four European species in the Eusimulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 3102-3115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona F. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
European Species ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Banding ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

The polytene chromosomes of four closely related Eusimulium (Roubaud) morphospecies from Europe have been examined. These are Eusimulium vernum (Macquart), E. costatum (Friedrichs), E. cryophilum (Rubtzov), and E. carpathicum (Knoz). Interspecific comparisons indicate that vernum and costatum are homosequential in chromosomal banding pattern; however, costatum does differ from vernum in possessing a conspicuous chromocenter. Both species may have B chromosomes, but these are not identical. Three kinds of vernum populations are found: pure X0Y0 (with undifferentiated X and Y chromosomes), pure X0Y1 (with males heterozygous for IIS-1 ve), and mixed X0Y0/X0Y1 populations. Only two European vernum cytotypes are indicated. Eusimulium cryophilum and E. carpathicum share a suite of autosomal polymorphisms as well as a fixed paracentric (IL-2) and a fixed pericentric (IIIP-1) inversion with respect to the vernum "Knebworth" standard. They differ from one another by three fixed inversions (IIS-1, IIIS-3, and IIIS-4). It is argued that at least two siblings, cryophilum A and cryophilum B, exist within cryophilum s.l. Sections 86B and 91C in the long arm of chromosome III appear to be extremely labile for breakage and reunion phenomena because several tandem or near-tandem inversions occur in this area. A cytophylogeny of the taxa under study is presented.

The polytene chromosomes of species of Eusimulium (Hellichiella) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothfels ◽  
Victor I. Golini
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
First Time

In an extension of Dunbar's work (R. W. Dunbar. 1967. Can. J. Zool. 45: 377–396) eight species in Hellichiella were examined cytologically on the basis of the banding pattern of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Hellichiella congareenarum, H. innocens, and H. anatinum were restudied. It was concluded that the sibling distinction between congareenarum and congareenarum 'b' stipulated by Dunbar is not tenable and that anatinum differs from standard by only one inversion (IIS-1). Species studied for the first time are H. rendalense (from Norway), H. latipes (syn. subexcisum from Britain) and H. saccai (from Italy), and the undescribed "Opinaca" sp. (from James Bay, Quebec), and "sp. near dogieli" (from Norway). Diagnostic features are given for each taxon in terms of (i) fixed inversions from standard (congareenarum), (ii) specific sex differential segments, and (iii) inversion polymorphisms. These features are utilized in the construction of an unrooted cytophylogeny.

Chromosome banding homologies in three species of Aedes (Stegomyia)

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marchi ◽  
K. S. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Homology ◽  
Hoechst 33258 ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Intercalary Region

The chromosome complements of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Aedes mascarensis, and Aedes albopictus, belonging to the subgenus Stegomyia, gave a uniform response to the Q-, H-, and R-banding techniques. Of the three homomorphic chromosome pairs, only the shortest or sex pair (I) showed a consistent banding pattern. In the three species, a bright yellow intercalary band was present on one arm of both chromosomes of the sex pair after heat treatment and staining with acridine orange. The rest of the chromosome and the other two pairs fluoresced orange–red. The same intercalary region appeared completely dark with the fluorochromes quinacrine and Hoechst 33258, while the rest of the chromosomes fluoresced dull. The same banding pattern was present in males and females. Size variations of the Q- and H-negative and R-positive intercalary bands were observed within each species. The results are interpreted in terms of structural homology of the sex-determining chromosomes, which is retained within the subgenus.Key words: sex-determining chromosomes, banding (Q, H, R), Aedes, mosquitoes.

A polytene chromosome study of four populations of Anopheles aquasalis from Venezuela

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Moncada Perez ◽  
Jan Conn
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Anopheles Aquasalis ◽  
Collection Sites

Polytene chromosome studies were undertaken to elucidate taxonomic relationships among populations of Anopheles aquasalis and A. emilianus in Venezuela. Four collection sites were chosen: two in Sucre state (Santa Fe and Guayana) where A. aquasalis (considered to be A. emilianus by Gabaldón and Escalante) is presumed to be the major regional vector of Plasmodium vivax; and two in areas where no malaria transmission occurs (Caño Rico, Aragua state, and Puerto Cabello, Carabobo state). The chromosome banding pattern of the four populations was identical and conformed to the standard chromosome map of A. aquasalis from Brazil. These results suggest that the population from Santa Fe and Guayana, considered to be A. emilianus, is conspecific with A. aquasalis. However, its status as a distinct species with a homosequential polytene chromosome banding pattern cannot be ruled out.Key words: polytene chromosomes, Anopheles aquasalis, malaria, chromosome banding.

Geographic variation in the polytene chromosome banding pattern of the Holarctic midge Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans (Fabricius)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iya I. Kiknadze ◽  
Karlygash G. Aimanova ◽  
Larissa I. Gunderina ◽  
Malcolm G. Butler ◽  
J. Kevin Cooper
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
European Populations

Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans from Europe, Siberia, and North America were examined to clarify genetic relationships among widely distributed populations of this Holarctic midge. This first extensive cytogenetic analysis of Siberian populations confirms earlier suppositions that C. tentans karyotypes are quite uniform across the Palearctic from western Europe to Yakutia. Greater differences exist among North American populations in Minnesota, Michigan, and Massachusetts, and as a group, these Nearctic populations share so few banding sequences with Palearctic C. tentans that recognition of discrete sibling species on each contintent is warranted. Photomaps of polytene chromosomes for both Palearctic and Nearctic sibling species are presented, and banding sequences are described with standardized notation. In total, 42 inversion sequences were found in the 18 Siberian populations examined, 15 of which were previously undescribed. Of the 19 sequences found in the three American populations studied, only 6 were shared with the Palearctic. Three of the seven chromosome arms in Nearctic C. tentans had no sequences in common with European populations and four shared none with Siberian populations.

Cytotaxonomic differentiation of Wilhelmia equina (Linné, 1747) and Wilhelmia lineata (Meigen, 1804) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Andreas Weber ◽  
Jörg Grunewald
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Chromosomal Banding ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphisms ◽  
Ectopic Pairing

In most cases the larvae of Wilhelmia equina and W. lineata cannot be distinguished by using classical morphological features. The morphological characteristics of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes allow one to differentiate clearly between the two species. Characteristic for W. equina are the extended region between the centromere, Ctr (transformed centromere), and the nucleolus organizer, NO, in IS, the definitive position of RB (ring of Balbiani) and bulge in IIS, and the fan-shaped IIIL telomere. The chromosomes of W. lineata are marked by complex chromosomal polymorphisms, the altered position of RB and bulge on IIS and by a strong ectopic pairing of centromeres. The comparison of banding patterns provides several intraspecific polymorphic inversions and interspecific fixed rearrangements for species diagnosis. Partial chromosome maps were established. The comparison of the chromosomal banding pattern of Wilhelmia with that of the Simulium standard reveals a whole-arm interchange between chromosomes I and II in Wilhelmia identical with that in Metomphalus, Prosimulium vernale, a form of P. mixtum, and Metacnephia.Key words: cytotaxonomy, Simuliidae, Wilhelmia equina, Wilhelmia lineata, larvae.

scholarly journals Phosphatidylserine-Gold Nanoparticles (PS-AuNP) Induce Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Allan Radaic ◽  
Nam E. Joo ◽  
Soo-Hwan Jeong ◽  
Seong-II Yoo ◽  
Nicholas Kotov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Breast And Prostate Cancer ◽  
First Time

Prostate and breast cancer are the current leading causes of new cancer cases in males and females, respectively. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an essential lipid that mediates macrophage efferocytosis and is dysregulated in tumors. Therefore, developing therapies that selectively restore PS may be a potential therapeutic approach for carcinogenesis. Among the nanomedicine strategies for delivering PS, biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have an extensive track record in biomedical applications. In this study, we synthesized biomimetic phosphatidylserine-caped gold nanoparticles (PS-AuNPs) and tested their anticancer potential in breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro. We found that both cell lines exhibited changes in cell morphology indicative of apoptosis. After evaluating for histone-associated DNA fragments, a hallmark of apoptosis, we found significant increases in DNA fragmentation upon PS-AuNP treatment compared to the control treatment. These findings demonstrate the use of phosphatidylserine coupled with gold nanoparticles as a potential treatment for prostate and breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a phosphatidylserine-capped AuNP has been examined for its therapeutic potential in cancer therapy.

scholarly journals A review of the Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Sardinia

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2318 (1) ◽  
pp. 566-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL WHITMORE
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time

An account is given of the species of Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826 subgenus Heteronychia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 known from the island of Sardinia (Italy). Most of the nearly 1,400 specimens examined were collected in the SW part of the island during 2003–2006 as part of a project investigating the arthropod diversity of the Monti Marganai and Montimannu areas (respectively Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano provinces). The study resulted in the finding of eight species of Heteronychia, six of which are recorded from Sardinia for the first time. Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) penicillata Villeneuve, 1907, previously mentioned in the literature, is excluded from the fauna of the island. Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) thirionae (Lehrer, 1976) is recorded for the first time from Europe and North Africa (Algeria). One species, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) gabrielei sp. nov., from various sites in the limestone massif of Marganai, is described as new. Previously unpublished records from other Italian regions and from other countries (Algeria, Canary Islands, Greece) are also given for several species. Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) schnabli Villeneuve, 1911 is recognized as a junior synonym of S. (H.) consanguinea Rondani, 1860 syn. nov. The possible synanthropy of Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) is briefly discussed. A key to males and females of all known Sardinian and Corsican species of Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) is provided.

The Australian species of Aponomma and Amblyomma (Ixodoidea).

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
FHS Roberts
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time ◽  
Species Being

A study has been made of the Australian species of Aponomma and Amblyomma (Ixodoidea). Nine species of Aponomma were determined, namely A. trachysauri, A. hydrosauri, A. auruginans, A. decorosum, A. simplex, A. trimuculatum, A. tachyglossi, A, tropicum, and A. pulchrum, the last three species being new. Two previously described species, namely A. quadratum and A. ecinctum, were recognized among the material available for study. A detailed description given of each species together with essential figures. Keys to the males, females, and nymphs are included. Twelve species of Amblyomma were seen. Species previously described included A. moreliae, A. limbatum, A. albolimbatum, A. triguttatum, A. australiense, and A. papuanu. A. postoculatum and A. helvolum were not recognized among the material available for study. A. papuana is recorded from Australia for the first time. Four new species, namely A. sternne, A. echidnae, A. macropi, and A. moyi, are described. Keys to the males and females are given.

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