SOME OBSERVATIONS ON WATER BALANCE IN THE GOLDFISH CARASSIUS AURATUS L., DURING COLD DEATH

Cold death in goldfish acclimated to 20–22 °C and abruptly transferred to temperatures of 2.5–3.5 °C was accompanied by a decrease in plasma chloride concentration, but no marked change in tissue chloride level. While tissue water content remained relatively steady variations in chloride space indicated a progressive shift of fluids from the cellular to the extracellular phase. Although the data indicate some loss of osmoregulatory control during exposure to low temperatures, the variations noted were not considered to be great enough to have alone accounted for the death of the animals.

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A NOTE ON WATER BALANCE IN THE GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L., DURING LETHAL HEAT SHOCK

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z65-085 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 847-852 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Elizabeth Anne Heinicke ◽

A. H. Houston

Keyword(s):

Marked Change ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Tissue Water Content ◽

Tissue Water ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Extracellular Compartment ◽

Thermal Death ◽

Plasma Chloride ◽

Heat Death ◽

Sufficient Magnitude

Heat death in goldfish acclimated to 20 °C and abruptly transferred to temperatures between 36 and 38 °C was accompanied by a decrease in plasma chloride concentration, but not by a marked change in tissue chloride levels. Tissue water content increased by approximately 5%. Variations in chloride space indicated that water taken up during heat death was localized in the extracellular compartment. A progressive shift of fluids from the cellular to the extracellular phase also contributed to the expansion of the latter compartment. Although the data indicate some degree of osmoregulatory breakdown during exposure to lethal increases in temperature, the changes observed were not considered to have been of sufficient magnitude to constitute the sole cause of thermal death.

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Temperature-Related Changes in the Erythrocytic Carbonic Anhydrase (Acetazolamide-Sensitive Esterase) Activity of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.78.1.255 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 255-264

Author(s):

ARTHUR H. HOUSTON ◽

KAREN M. MEAROW

Keyword(s):

Carbonic Anhydrase ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Thermal Sensitivity ◽

Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽

Red Cell ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Species Activity ◽

Plasma Chloride ◽

Stable Plasma

1. Carbonic anhydrase activity in ‘membrane’ and ‘cytosol’ fractions of goldfish erythrocytes was assayed by the p-nitrophenyl acetate procedure following thermal acclimation. 2. The thermal sensitivity of ‘membrane’-associated activity was apparently unaltered by acclimation. ‘Cytosol’ activity in warm-acclimated specimens was somewhat more thermosensitive than that of animals maintained at low temperature. 3. Significant increases in specific activity, and activity per unit volume of packed cells and blood were observed at higher temperatures when assays were conducted at the temperatures at which the system actually functions in the fish. By contrast, when determinations were carried out at a standard temperature (41 °C) corresponding to the upper incipient lethal for this species, activity was either unaffected, or declined as acclimation temperatures increased. 4. Changes in carbonic anhydrase activity following acclimation are consistent with the hypothesis that this system is implicated in the maintenance of stable plasma chloride levels, and the suggestion that alterations in red cell chloride levels with temperature are, in part at least, attributable to concomitant variations in enzyme activity.

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The effects of temperature and other factors upon the establishment and survival ofPomphorhynchus laevis(Acanthocephala) in goldfish,Carassius auratus

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000045066 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 283-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

C. R. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Worm Burden ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Fish Diet ◽

Fish Parasite ◽

Population Densities ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Effects Of Temperature

Goldfish were experimentally infected with different population densities of the acanthocephalanPomphorhynchus laevis, and maintained at different temperatures. The density of infection had no effect upon the establishment of the parasite, but a 12°C rise in water temperature reduced the recovery after one week by 30%. Thereafter there was a continuous loss of parasites during the course of infection. The rate of this loss was independent of worm burden and temperature, but increased under conditions of host starvation. Both male and female parasites attached themselves in the same region of the alimentary tract, with a mean position about 19% along its length. They remained in that region throughout the course of infection, and the population did not migrate down the intestine with increasing age. In starved fish, the region of attachment was nearer the oesophagus, at low temperatures nearer the rectum, and when crowded the occupied region extended anteriorly. Male worms were unable to establish as easily as females, but once established survived better, and the sex ratio after two weeks was in favour of males. The results are compared with the results of studies on other acanthocephalans and on fish-cestode systems. It is recognized that although the establishment of fish acanthocephala is affected by temperature to a lesser extent than that of some fish cestodes, temperature in conjunction with changes in fish diet is a major control upon the flow of parasites through acanthocephalan-fish parasite systems. The significance of the results to the interpretation of data based on field observations is discussed.

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Spurious Hyperchloremia and Negative Anion Gap in a Child with Refractory Epilepsy

Case Reports in Critical Care ◽

10.1155/2016/7015463 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Madhuradhar Chegondi ◽

Balagangadhar R. Totapally

Keyword(s):

Refractory Epilepsy ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Anion Gap ◽

Selective Electrode ◽

Chloride Level ◽

Plasma Chloride ◽

Electrode Method ◽

High Chloride ◽

Negative Anion Gap

We report a case with spurious hyperchloremia with negative anion gap in a child who was taking potassium bromide for refractory epilepsy. Blood chemistry showed a high chloride level (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (−52 mEq/L). Plasma chloride concentration is measured by an ion-selective electrode method; however the presence of other anions like bromide and iodides can interfere with chloride level and largely overestimates the chloride concentration. Thus hyperchloremia with a negative anion gap is a clue to the diagnosis of halides like bromide and iodide ingestion.

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SEM of Hepatocytes and Biliary Passages in Goldfish Liver

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080213 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 556-557

Author(s):

Waykin Nopanitaya ◽

Joe W. Grisham ◽

Johnny L. Carson

Keyword(s):

Carassius Auratus ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Types ◽

Biliary System ◽

Fish Food ◽

Commercial Fish ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Commercial Fish Food

An interesting feature of the goldfish liver is the morphology of the hepatic plate, which is always formed by a two-cell layer of hepatocytes. Hepatic plates of the goldfish liver contain an infrequently seen second type of cell, in the centers of plates between two hepatocytes. A TEH study by Yamamoto (1) demonstrated ultrastructural differences between hepatocytes and centrally located cells in hepatic plates; the latter were classified as ductule cells of the biliary system. None of the previous studies clearly showed a three-dimensional organization of the two cell types described. In the present investigation we utilize SEM to elucidate the arrangement of hepatocytes and bile ductular cells in intralobular plates of goldfish liver.Livers from young goldfish (Carassius auratus), about 6-10 cm, fed commercial fish food were used for this study. Hepatic samples were fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde, cut into pieces, fractured, osmicated, CPD, mounted Au-Pd coated, and viewed by SEM at 17-20 kV. Our observations were confined to the ultrastructure of biliary passages within intralobular plates, ductule cells, and hepatocytes.

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