scholarly journals Spurious Hyperchloremia and Negative Anion Gap in a Child with Refractory Epilepsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Madhuradhar Chegondi ◽  
Balagangadhar R. Totapally
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Electrode Method ◽  
High Chloride ◽  
Negative Anion Gap

We report a case with spurious hyperchloremia with negative anion gap in a child who was taking potassium bromide for refractory epilepsy. Blood chemistry showed a high chloride level (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (−52 mEq/L). Plasma chloride concentration is measured by an ion-selective electrode method; however the presence of other anions like bromide and iodides can interfere with chloride level and largely overestimates the chloride concentration. Thus hyperchloremia with a negative anion gap is a clue to the diagnosis of halides like bromide and iodide ingestion.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON WATER BALANCE IN THE GOLDFISH CARASSIUS AURATUS L., DURING COLD DEATH

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1169-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Hillier Houston
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Plasma Chloride

Cold death in goldfish acclimated to 20–22 °C and abruptly transferred to temperatures of 2.5–3.5 °C was accompanied by a decrease in plasma chloride concentration, but no marked change in tissue chloride level. While tissue water content remained relatively steady variations in chloride space indicated a progressive shift of fluids from the cellular to the extracellular phase. Although the data indicate some loss of osmoregulatory control during exposure to low temperatures, the variations noted were not considered to be great enough to have alone accounted for the death of the animals.

scholarly journals Chloride Balance in Preterm Infants during the First Week of Life

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Iacobelli ◽  
Elsa Kermorvant-Duchemin ◽  
Francesco Bonsante ◽  
Alexandre Lapillonne ◽  
Jean-Bernard Gouyon
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
High Chloride

Objective. To describe the chloride balance in infants born 25–32-week gestation, analyze the association of chloride changes with hydroelectrolytic status and their relationship with perinatal conditions, morbidities, and neurological outcome.Methods. For 7 days after birth, sodium and chloride balance, plasma potassium, phosphate, and total carbon dioxide (tCO2) were prospectively determined and strong ion difference (SID) calculated. Three multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with high plasma chloride concentration, low SID, and low tCO2.Results. 107 infants were studied. Plasma chloride concentration was significantly positively associated with plasma sodium concentration. Higher plasma chloride and lower SID were significantly associated with lower plasma tCO2. Chloride intake was the main independent factor associated with high plasma chloride, low SID, and low plasma tCO2, with lesser contribution of sodium intake and low gestational age (GA). Also, patent ductus arteriosus and birth weight loss were independent factors affecting plasma chloride and SID. Neither high chloride levels nor low SID were associated to impaired neurological outcome.Conclusions. In preterm infants, chloride balance is influenced by GA and by interrelationship between sodium and chloride intake. High chloride levels are associated with metabolic acidosis but not related to increased risk of impaired neurological outcome.

STUDY OF SERUM ELECTROLYTES IMBALANCES IN FEMALE THYROID PATIENTS AT AIIMS, PATNA: A HOSPITAL BASED COMPARATIVE STUDY.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Jyoti Kumari ◽  
Dr. Dev Kant ◽  
Dr. Mala Mahto
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
P Value ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Electrode Method ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients ◽  
Key Words Hypothyroidism

Objectives: This present study was to compare the serum electrolytes (Na, K and Cl) imbalances in hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism with euthyroidism female cases. Methods: A detail history, clinical examinations and relevant investigations were performed to all female thyroid cases. Thyroid hormones were estimated by chemiluminiscence method using Siemens Advia Centaur XP instrument. Electrolyte levels (Na+, k+ & Cl-) were measured by ion selective electrode method using Eschweiler combi. Results: Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS (version 26) software. Paired samples statistics was used. Mean ± standard deviation and t value were calculated. P value was taken less than or equal to 0.05 (p ≤ 0.05) for significant differences. Conclusions: This present study concluded that electrolytes sodium, potassium and chloride levels were significantly reduced in hypothyroidism female cases compared to euthyroids female (controls). This suggests that hypothyroid patients should be regularly checked for serum electrolytes. Early detection and treatment can prevent the further complications related to the disorder and will be helpful during the management of thyroid patients. Key words: Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, euthyroidism, electrolytes.

Column Study on the Effect of Nitrate and Chloride on TCE Removal by Granular Iron

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1642-1646
Author(s):  
Xue Qiang Zhu ◽  
Bao Ping Han ◽  
Guo Jun Wu ◽  
Xiao Qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Anions ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Column Study ◽  
Granular Iron ◽  
High Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The effects of individual inorganic anions (nitrate and chloride) on the reactivity of granular iron were investigated using plexiglass columns packed with granular iron. The results show that TCE removal decreases apparently with increasing nitrate concentration due to competition for reactive sites. Chloride exhibits dual-effect on the TCE removal by Fe0. In the studied condition, the TCE dechlorination is enhanced at the low chloride concentration due to pitting corrosion and is dampened at the high chloride concentrations such as 59.98 and 110.45 mg/L as Cl-.

Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Survival and regulation in sea-water media was studied in the freshwater caddises Limnephilus stigma and Anabolia nervosa. 2. The majority of larvae did not survive for more than a few days at external salt concentrations greater than about 6o mM./l. NaCl. 3. In sea-water media the haemolymph osmotic pressure increased to remain slightly hyper-osmotic to the medium. The haemolymph sodium level also increased to remain slightly hypertonic to the medium, but the chloride level was maintained hypotonic until just prior to death of the larvae. 4. When the haemolymph chloride concentration was raised above the normal level, the Malpighian tubule-rectal system elaborated fluid in which the chloride concentration was hypertonic to the haemolymph. The system is highly sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. 5. The regulation of body-fluid composition in the freshwater caddises is compared with that found previously in the euryhaline larvae of Limnephilus affinis. It is suggested that the maintenance of a low haemolymph sodium concentration in L. affinis larvae is an important part of the adaptation for survival in salt water.

Chloride Titration in the Dog: The Influence of Extracellular Fluid Expansion on the Pattern of Chloride Reabsorption

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cohen ◽  
Y. Bar-Khayim ◽  
S. Garella ◽  
J. A. Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Chloride Homeostasis ◽  
Threshold Mechanism ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Plasma Chloride

1. The technique of chloride titration was employed in twenty dogs to determine the pattern of renal chloride handling in response to systematic increases in filtered chloride load. The influence of variations in sodium reabsorption on this pattern was also assessed by producing a wide spectrum of volume expansion during the titration protocols. 2. The results indicate that chloride reabsorption is proportional both to the rate of chloride filtration and to the rate of sodium reabsorption and, hence, that the specific pattern of each chloride titration curve is the fortuitous consequence of the interplay between these two factors. 3. The rate of chloride reabsorption relative to the simultaneous rate of sodium reabsorption was used as an index of the ability of the kidney to maintain chloride homeostasis and indicated that the kidney invariably tends to return depressed. plasma chloride concentration towards normal but, under the conditions of these acute experiments, consistently tends to reduce elevated plasma chloride concentration only when cation reabsorption is markedly depressed. 4. The present observations do not elucidate the mechanism responsible for these findings but suggest that plasma chloride concentration is not regulated through the operation of a threshold mechanism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document