The neuroendocrine organs in adult Noctuidae

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Dorsal Branch ◽  
Outer Pair ◽  
Neuroendocrine Organs

A detailed study of the innervation of the neuroendocrine organs in eight species of Noctuidae has revealed a previously undescribed network of serves. A dorsal branch of the outer pair of nerves connecting the protocerebrum with the corpora cardiaca bears fine nerves extending to the ocellar, antennal, and optic nerves and to the orbital setae. A distinct ventrally directed nerve arising from each corpus cardiacum has branches extending to the optic, maxillary, and palpal nerve and lateral orbital setae. The possible significance of these nerves is discussed in the context of known endocrine functions.

The Control of Changes in Peripheral Sensilla Associated with Feeding in Locusta Migratoria (L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763
Author(s):  
E. A. BERNAYS ◽  
R. F. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Maxillary Palps ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The electrical resistance across the tips of the maxillary palps is not affected by stimulation of the palps, but increases to the normal level found after feeding as a result of distension of the foregut with agar or injection of corpus cardiacum homogenates into the haemolymph. 2. No increase in resistance occurs if the posterior pharyngeal nerves or the frontal connectives are cut. 3. It is inferred that distension of the foregut stimulates stretch receptors which, acting via the posterior pharyngeal nerves, the frontal connectives and the brain, cause the release of hormone from the storage lobes of the corpora cardiaca. This hormone acts on the terminal sensilla of the palps, causing them to close and so increasing the resistance across the palps. 4. Release of the diuretic hormone is controlled via the same pathway.

The Mode of Action of the Corpus Cardiacum on the Hind Gut in Periplaneta Americana

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
K. G. DAVEY
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hind Gut

1. Addition of a homogenate of corpora cardiaca to the fluid bathing an isolated hind gut of Periplaneta produces an increase in tonus, amplitude, frequency and co-ordination of contractions. 2. The corpus cardiacum acts by stimulating cells in the upper colon to release an indolalkylamine. 3. This amine acts on the mucles through a peripheral nervous system which can function in isolation from the central nervous system.

The effect of feeding on the cerebral neurosecretory system of the adult male tsetse, Glossina austeni Newst

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1988-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grossman ◽  
K. G. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Neurosecretory System ◽  
Neurosecretory Material ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Pars Intercerebralis ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Glossina Austeni ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

An analysis of the intensity of staining of the corpus cardiacum and of the neurosecretorty cells of the pars intercerebralis in 3-day-old fed or fasting adult male tsetse has revealed two periods of apparent release of neurosecretion. In fed males, stainable neurosecretion disappears from 14 of the 20 recognizable neurosecretory cells within 10 min of the termination of feeding. There is always less neurosecretory material in the corpora cardiaca of fed males. Secondly, there is an indication of a depletion of material from the cardiaca of both fed and fasted males at about 1700 hours EST.

Hypertrehalosaemic neuropeptides decrease levels of the glycolytic signal fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in cockroach fat body

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939-1946
Author(s):  
A Becker ◽  
G Wegener
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Blaberus Discoidalis ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Naturally Occurring

In cockroach fat body, trehalogenesis and glycolysis compete for glucose phosphates as common substrates. During trehalogenesis, glycolysis is inhibited, although the mechanism responsible for this is not known. Incubation of the isolated fat body from the Argentine cockroach Blaptica dubia with an extract of the corpora cardiaca containing as little as 0.005 gland equivalents ml-1 of incubation medium increased the release of trehalose (anthrone-positive material) from the tissue by more than 100 %. The content of the glycolytic activator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was decreased by up to 50 %. A decapeptide was isolated from the corpora cardiaca of B. dubia and shown to be identical to the naturally occurring Blaberus discoidalis hypertrehalosaemic peptide (Bld HrTH), which was also found in the corpora cardiaca. Synthetic Bld HrTH at 2 nmol l-1 and above increased trehalose production and decreased the content of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to the same extent as did corpus cardiacum extract. The octapeptides Periplaneta americana cardioacceleratory hormones I and II (Pea CAH-I and Pea CAH-II) also had a significant effect on both parameters. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a potent activator of phosphofructokinase from cockroach fat body if the enzyme is assayed at near-physiological concentrations of substrates and effectors. It is suggested that, because of the decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels in the fat body, the activity of the key glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase is diminished. This can explain the inhibition of glycolytic flux by hypertrehalosaemic peptides which alters the balance of glucose metabolism in favour of trehalose formation.

THE NEUROENDOCRINE ORGANS OF LARVAE OF NEODIPRION LECONTEI, N. SWAINEI, AND DIPRION HERCYNIAE (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Neodiprion Lecontei ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Segmental Nerve ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Neuroendocrine Organs ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLarvae and eonymphs of the diprionid sawflies Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch), Neodiprion swainei Midd., and Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) were dissected and stained to demonstrate the nervous system and endocrine organs. Morphologically and anatomically the endocrine organs in both larvae and eonymphs of all three species are very similar. The cephalic structures comprise lateral and medial neurosecretory cells in the brain which discharge their secretions through a single pair of nerves (NCC) to the corpora cardiaca. The NCC divide before they enter the corpora cardiaca sending a branch to the corresponding corpus allatum. No other nervous connections with these organs are apparent.Paired neurohaemal organs occur in each thoracic segment, forming distinct dilations on slender nerves arising from the ventral cord connectives. They receive secretions from groups of lateral neurosecretory cells in the thoracic ganglia.Each abdominal ganglion has three neurohaemal organs associated with it, a single small spherical structure antero-medially, and paired lateral organs of a diffuse structure, overlying the base of each segmental nerve. They are less conspicuous than the thoracic organs and have different staining properties.

Morphology of the neuroendocrine systems of two larval blackflies, Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum and Simulium venustum

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1579-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Condon ◽  
Roger Gordon ◽  
Charles H. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Neurosecretory Cell ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Cell Clusters ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Glandular Portion ◽  
Neuroendocrine Systems

The anatomical relations of the neuroendocrine systems of simuliid larvae Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum and Simulium venustum were examined histologically. The neuroendocrine system in the brain showed morphological similarities to culicids (viz., three pairs of cerebral neurosecretory cell clusters, one pair of nervi corporis cardiaci entering the corpus cardiacum glandular system). The retrocerebral glandular portion of the neuroendocrine system was comprised of a corpus allatum, corpora cardiaca, and surrounding peritracheal gland. The morphology of the blackfly neuroendocrine system is discussed in relation to those of other families of Nematocera and higher Diptera.

The Possible Involvement of an Amino Acid Decarboxylase in the Stimulation of the Pericardial Cells of Periplaneta by the Corpus Cardiacum

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
K. G. DAVEY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Isonicotinic Acid ◽  
Isolated Heart ◽  
Acid Hydrazide ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Amino Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Pericardial Cells ◽  
Semicarbazide Hydrochloride

1. Semicarbazide hydrochloride and isonicotinic acid hydrazide, which are both inhibitors of phosphopyridoxal-dependent systems, inhibit the increase in the rate of beating of hearts which is brought about by breis of corpora cardiaca. This inhibition is partially reversed by phosphopyridoxal. 2. Semicarbazide decreases the percentage of argentaffin-positive cells among pericardial cells exposed to breis of corpora cardiaca. 3. DOPA increases the rate of beating of the isolated heart. This increase is mediated by the pericardial cells and is inhibited by semicarbazide. The inhibition by semicarbazide is reversed by phosphopyridoxal. 4. It is suggested, as a working hypothesis, that the hormone from the corpus cardiacum stimulates the pericardial cells to produce an amine from an amino acid by the action of the appropriate amino acid decarboxylase. The hormone intervenes either by causing the cells to produce more of the amino acid, or by unmasking the amino acid which is pictured as being protected from the enzyme in the unstimulated cell.

Trehalose inhibits the release of adipokinetic hormones from the corpus cardiacum in the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, at the level of the adipokinetic cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
P C C M Passier ◽  
H G B Vullings ◽  
J H B Diederen ◽  
D J Van der Horst
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca

Abstract The effect of trehalose at various concentrations on the release of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) from the adipokinetic cells in the glandular part of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria was studied in vitro. Pools of five corpora cardiaca or pools of five glandular parts of corpora cardiaca were incubated in a medium containing different concentrations of trehalose in the absence or presence of AKH-release-inducing agents. It was demonstrated that trehalose inhibits spontaneous release of AKH I in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 80 mm, which is the concentration found in the hemolymph at rest, trehalose significantly decreased the release of AKH I induced by 100 μm locustatachykinin I, 10 μm 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) or high potassium concentrations. The specificity of the effect of trehalose was studied by incubating pools of corpora cardiaca with the non-hydrolyzable disaccharide sucrose or with glucose, the degradation product of trehalose, both in the presence and absence of 10 μm IBMX. Sucrose had no effect at all on the release of AKH I, whereas glucose strongly inhibited its release. The results point to the inhibitory effect of trehalose on the release of AKH I being exerted, at least partly, at the level of the adipokinetic cells, possibly after its conversion into glucose. The data presented in this study support the hypothesis that in vivo the relatively high concentration of trehalose (80 mm) at rest strongly inhibits the release of AKHs. At the onset of flight, the demand for energy substrates exceeds the amount of trehalose that can be mobilized from the fat body and consequently the trehalose concentration in the hemolymph decreases. This relieves the inhibitory effect of trehalose on the release of AKHs, which in turn mobilize lipids from the fat body. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 153, 299–305

MORPHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN AND SUBOESOPHAGEAL GANGLION OF THE ADULT MALE OF CHORISTONE URA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Ellis White ◽  
W. D. Seabrook
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
The Brain

The neuromorphology of the brain and suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) of the adult male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), is described and compared with information in the existing literature on adult Lepidoptera. The brain, SOG, and connecting nerves are illustrated. Protocerebral nerves include two pairs to the corpora cardiaca as well as optic nerves and ocellar pedicels. One pair of antennal nerves innervate the deuto-cerebrum and the tritocerebrum is innervated by one pair of labrofontalis nerves. Five pairs of nerves arise from the SOG: the mandibular, maxillary, labial, and two pairs of cervical nerves.

Early Detection of Central Nervous System Relapse of Pediatric Leukemia with Measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter on MRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-241
Author(s):  
Taner Arpaci ◽  
Barbaros S. Karagun
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter ◽  
Central Nervous System Relapse ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Pediatric Leukemia ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
Cns Relapse

Background: Leukemia is the most common pediatric malignancy. Central Nervous System (CNS) is the most frequently involved extramedullary location at diagnosis and at relapse. </P><P> Objective: To determine if Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings of optic nerves should contribute to early detection of CNS relapse in pediatric leukemia. Methods: Twenty patients (10 boys, 10 girls; mean age 8,3 years, range 4-16 years) with proven CNS relapse of leukemia followed up between 2009 and 2017 in our institution were included. Orbital MRI exams performed before and during CNS relapse were reviewed retrospectively. Forty optic nerves with Optic Nerve Sheaths (ONS) and Optic Nerve Heads (ONH) were evaluated on fat-suppressed T2-weighted TSE axial MR images. ONS diameter was measured from the point 10 mm posterior to the globe. ONS distension and ONH configuration were graded as 0, 1 and 2. Results: Before CNS relapse, right mean ONS diameter was 4.52 mm and left was 4.61 mm which were 5.68 mm and 5.66 mm respectively during CNS relapse showing a mean increase of 25% on right and 22% on left. During CNS relapse, ONS showed grade 0 distension in 15%, grade 1 in 60%, grade 2 in 25% and ONH demonstrated grade 0 configuration in 70%, grade 1 in 25% and grade 2 in 5% of the patients. Conclusion: MRI findings of optic nerves may contribute to diagnose CNS relapse by demonstrating elevated intracranial pressure in children with leukemia.

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