Aggression by red-winged blackbirds towards marsh wrens

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1896-1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Picman

Marshes are simple, two-dimensional habitats that provide little opportunity for ecological specialization. This situation has most likely favored the evolution of interspecific aggression between red-winged blackbirds and marsh wrens. Redwings of both sexes are aggressive towards marsh wrens; however, the rate of redwing–wren agonistic interactions is determined by at least three factors: (i) sex of redwings (most interactions involved males); (ii) time of day (the rate of interactions is determined by territorial and foraging activities of these birds); and (iii) density of marsh wrens in an area (the rate of interactions increased with increasing density of marsh wrens in different areas). Since a consequence of this redwing aggression towards marsh wrens is partial interspecific territoriality, this behavior has presumably evolved as a mechanism reducing interference competition with marsh wrens.


2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Rychlik ◽  
Rafal Zwolak

Level of interspecific aggression should reflect intensity of interference competition, and large dominant and small subordinate species should develop aggressive and passive agonistic behaviours, respectively, to achieve stable coexistence. We tested these ideas, investigating interspecific behavioural dominance in a four-species community of shrews varying in body size (Sorex minutus L., 1766; Sorex araneus L., 1758; Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907; Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771)) by placing interspecific pairs in a neutral field. The order of dominance (determined on the basis of duration of offensive and defensive behaviours, total time spent in the shelter, and a "final shelter resident" index) corresponded to the order of body size: N. fodiens > N. anomalus > S. araneus > S. minutus. The highest number of conflicts and the least pronounced dominance of N. anomalus over S. araneus suggest that the interference competition was strongest between these species. The different social organization of N. anomalus (tolerant and gregarious versus intolerant and solitary in the other three species) did not decrease its aggressiveness and dominance rank. The larger Neomys species were more aggressive and initiated relatively more offensive behaviours, whereas the smaller Sorex species initiated more defensive behaviours. The presence of food and shelter did not intensify conflicts. Nevertheless, dominant species restricted the access of subordinate species to the shelter.



The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Renton

Abstract Agonistic interactions of nesting and nonbreeding Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna) were observed in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru, during the nestling phase of the nest cycle in 1988 and 1989. Three nesting pairs of macaws were identified by facial line and tail patterns, and agonistic behavior was categorized as high-intensity or low-intensity interactions. Nesting pairs associated strongly with cavities and perch trees within the nest area, and frequently chased nonbreeding conspecifics from an area of up to 100 m from the nest. In one case, loss of control of the nest cavity and perch trees by a lone nesting macaw to a nonbreeding pair led to infanticide and abandonment of the nest. Agonistic interactions were predominantly intraspecific, and 79% of agonistic interactions by nesting macaws were directed at nonbreeding conspecifics. The frequency of agonistic interactions increased significantly with day of the nesting cycle, being greatest toward the end of the nestling period. Nonbreeding macaws spent significantly more time in trees at the edge of the nest area than in trees within the nest area, and significantly less time within the nest area when nesting pairs were present than when absent. In both years, only 36% of the available cavities within the nest area were utilized by Blue-and-yellow Macaws, though some cavities were utilized by smaller macaw species. Intraspecific interference competition of nesting macaws may exclude potential breeders from investigating cavities, effectively limiting availability where nest sites are clumped in distribution. Interacciones Agonísticas entre Guacamayas Reproductivas y No Reproductivas Resumen. Se llevaron a cabo observaciones de las interacciones agonísticas entre parejas reproductivas y no reproductivas de la guacamaya Ara ararauna en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Manu en Perú, durante la fase de crianza de los pollos en 1988 y 1989. Se identificaron tres parejas de guacamayas por medio del patrón de líneas en su rostro y por la forma de desgaste de la cola, y el comportamiento agonístico fue caracterizado como interacciones de alta y de baja intensidad. Las parejas nidificantes presentaron una fuerte asociación con las cavidades y los árboles de percha dentro del área de anidación, y frecuentemente persiguieron a individuos coespecíficos no reproductivos hasta 100 m fuera del nido. En un caso, una guacamaya reproductiva solitaria perdió posesión de su nido y del árbol de percha frente a una pareja no reproductiva, resultando en el infanticidio de una cría por la pareja no reproductiva, y en el abandono del nido. Las interacciones agonísticas fueron predominantemente de tipo intraespecífico, con el 79% de las interacciones agonísticas por parte de las parejas nidificantes dirigidas a coespecíficos no reproductivos. La frecuencia de las interacciones agonísticas incrementó significativamente con el día del ciclo de anidación, siendo mayor hacia finales del periodo de crianza de los pollos. Las guacamayas no reproductivas pasaron significativamente más tiempo en los árboles alrededor del área de anidación comparando que en los árboles dentro del área de anidación, y permanecieron significativamente menos tiempo dentro del área de anidación cuando las parejas reproductivas estaban presentes que cuando estaban ausentes. En 1998 y 1999, sólo el 36% de las cavidades disponibles fueron utilizadas por A. ararauna, aunque algunas fueron utilizadas por otras especies de guacamayas más pequeñas. La interferencia por competencia intraespecí fica de las guacamayas reproductivas podría excluir a reproductores potenciales de las cavidades, limitando así la disponibilidad de cavidades en áreas en donde los sitios de anidación se encuentran agrupados.



Author(s):  
Ronaldo Bastos Francini-Filho ◽  
Camilo Moitinho Ferreira ◽  
Ericka Oliveira Cavalcanti Coni ◽  
Rodrigo Leão De Moura ◽  
Les Kaufman

Foraging activity of roving herbivorous reef fish (RHs) from families Acanthuridae (surgeonfish; three species) and Scaridae (parrotfish; five species), and its relationship to resource availability and interference competition, was studied in the largest South Atlantic Reef complex (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil). Observations were undertaken at four sites differing in resource availability and competitors' abundance (i.e. RHs and territorial herbivores from genus Stegastes). Turf algae (TA) were selected by most species in most sites, while other food items were generally avoided. Surgeonfish had higher feeding rates than parrotfish, the former grazing more frequently on fleshy algae (FA) and the latter on crustose calcareous algae (CCA). Both surgeonfish and parrotfish interacted agonistically most frequently with damselfish, followed by confamilial interactions. Despite these consistent patterns, feeding rates, food selection and frequency of agonistic interactions differed significantly between sites for most species. Bite rates on CCA and FA were disproportionally higher in sites where such items were more available, leading to significant spatial variation in grazing selectivity (i.e. positive rather than negative selection of CCA and ‘lower avoidance’ of FA). Although agonistic interactions were more frequent at sites where herbivorous fish (both roving and territorial) were most abundant, there was no clear relationship between interference competition and foraging patterns. These results indicate that the scarcity of other food may induce RHs to consume the dominant resources. They also support the hypotheses that RHs are unable to clear large tracts of reef surface of FA once these have proliferated, and that territorial herbivores do not limit the access of RHs to particular resources.



2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20142256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Drury ◽  
Kenichi W. Okamoto ◽  
Christopher N. Anderson ◽  
Gregory F. Grether

Interspecific territoriality occurs when individuals of different species fight over space, and may arise spontaneously when populations of closely related territorial species first come into contact. But defence of space is costly, and unless the benefits of excluding heterospecifics exceed the costs, natural selection should favour divergence in competitor recognition until the species no longer interact aggressively. Ordinarily males of different species do not compete for mates, but when males cannot distinguish females of sympatric species, females may effectively become a shared resource. We model how reproductive interference caused by undiscriminating males can prevent interspecific divergence, or even cause convergence, in traits used to recognize competitors. We then test the model in a genus of visually orienting insects and show that, as predicted by the model, differences between species pairs in the level of reproductive interference, which is causally related to species differences in female coloration, are strongly predictive of the current level of interspecific aggression. Interspecific reproductive interference is very common and we discuss how it may account for the persistence of interspecific aggression in many taxonomic groups.



2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Borbala Foris ◽  
Benjamin Lecorps ◽  
Joseph Krahn ◽  
Daniel M. Weary ◽  
Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk

AbstractAn animal’s social position within a group can influence its ability to perform important behaviours like eating and resting, but little is known about how social position affects the ability to express what are arguably less important but still rewarding behaviors, such as grooming. We set out to assess if dominance measured at the feeder is associated with increased use of a mechanical brush. Over a 2-year period, 161 dry cows were enrolled in a dynamically changing group of 20 individuals with access to a mechanical brush. We determined dominance using agonistic behaviors at the feeder and retrospectively analyzed brush use for the 12 most, and 12 least dominant individuals during the week before calving. Cows that were more dominant at the feeder used the brush more, especially during peak feeding times. Agonistic interactions at the brush did not differ between dominants and subordinates and were not related to brushing duration. These findings indicate that social position, calculated using competition for feed, affects mechanical brush access such that subordinates use the brush less than dominant cows independent of competition or time of day.



1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.



1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.



1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lecar

“Dynamical mixing”, i.e. relaxation of a stellar phase space distribution through interaction with the mean gravitational field, is numerically investigated for a one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas. Qualitative results are presented in the form of a motion picture of the flow of phase points (representing homogeneous slabs of stars) in two-dimensional phase space.



2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
Anita Joshi ◽  
Wahab Uddin

AbstractIn this paper we present complete two-dimensional measurements of the observed brightness of the 9th November 1990Hαflare, using a PDS microdensitometer scanner and image processing software MIDAS. The resulting isophotal contour maps, were used to describe morphological-cum-temporal behaviour of the flare and also the kernels of the flare. Correlation of theHαflare with SXR and MW radiations were also studied.



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