Efecto de marcar primero en la final de la UEFA Champions League y la UEFA Europa League (Effect of scoring first in finals of UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europe League)

Este estudio tiene como objetivos: i) conocer cómo influye el efecto de marcar primero en el resultado final del partido; ii) comparar el efecto de marcar primero, los goles totales, el periodo de marcar en el partido y el minuto de marcar el primer gol (ganador y perdedor), en las finales de ambas competiciones; y iii) analizar la evolución que tienen estas variables a lo largo de la historia. La muestra estuvo formada por todas las finales (N = 78) disputadas a lo largo de la historia a partido único y en campo neutral de las competiciones europeas UEFA Champions League (UCL) y UEFA Europa League (UEL). La probabilidad de ganar el equipo que marca primero fue del 75.6%. Cuando se analizó el efecto de marcar primero los resultados no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas competiciones, aunque sí se aprecian al analizar la evolución de este efecto a lo largo de la historia en la UCL a favor de las décadas de 1950 y 1960 (X2 = 14.15; p < .05). Se concluyó que el efecto de marcar primero en una final continental resulta determinante pues el equipo que se adelanta en el marcador aumenta en gran medida sus probabilidades de conseguir la victoria. En este sentido, los cuerpos técnicos de los clubes que luchan por el título en estas competiciones deben utilizar esta información para trabajar en los entrenamientos y plantear estrategias que les permitan salir al terreno de juego con la intención clara de abrir el marcador.Abstract. The objectives of this research were: i) to study the effect of scoring first on the final result of the match; ii) to compare the effect of scoring first, the total goals, the goal scoring period, and scoring minute of the first goal (winner and loser) in the finals of both competitions; and iii) to analyse the evolution of these variables throughout history. The sample consisted of all the single-match, neutral-field finals (N = 78) played over the history of the UEFA Champions League (UCL) and UEFA Europa League (UEL) European competitions. The team scoring first had 75.6% probabilities of winning. When analysing the effect of scoring first, the results showed no statistically significant differences between the two competitions, although they become significant in regard to the evolution of the scoring first effect throughout the UCL history, in favour of the finals played within 1950s and 1960s (X2 = 14.15, p <.05). As a conclusion, the effect of scoring first in a continental final is decisive because any team leading the scoreboard has major chances of winning. In this sense, technical staff at clubs should use this information to work on the training and propose strategies that allow them to go out onto the pitch with the clear intention of scoring first.

Archaeology in the Making of Nations: The Juxtaposition of Postcolonial Archaeological Study

The development of archaeological theory is inseparable from the evolution of cultural thinking in global society. This two-way relationship can develop both synchronically and diachronically. Archaeological sites and artefacts are often used to legitimize various opinions and beliefs. In the colonial period, the interpretation of archaeological objects was often biased by racial, religious, and ethnic perspectives. The postcolonial paradigm emerged in criticism of white supremacy hegemony. However, even in the era of post-colonialism, prejudice practices continue to occur. The perspective of neo-colonialism can still be found today. Archaeology, and the sciences generally, are considered a neutral field however, it regularly plays a central role in symbolic personifications of identity, pride, and political propaganda. Similar controversies can also be seen in the museum field. The discourse of repatriation between ex-colonies and 'universal museums' often devolves into extensive controversy. Resolution for many of these disputes remains out of reach due to the lack of equal cooperation and communication between respective parties. On the other hand, there are a number of countries that impose very strict regulations on foreign research (or ban it altogether) to protect their historical legacy. This policy unfortunately, often hampers the development of research and collaborations in the country. In effect, archaeology will never be completely separated from its various interested parties, and so efforts to harmonise academic, ethical, and political interests must be pursued.Perkembangan teori arkeologi tidak terlepas dari evolusi budaya berpikir masyarakat global. Hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi secara dua arah ini dapat dilihat secara sinkronik maupun diakronik. Situs dan artefak arkeologi kerap digunakan untuk meligitimasi berbagai macam kepentingan. Pada masa kolonial, interpretasi terhadap benda arkeologi kerap diselimuti oleh bias ras, agama, dan kesukuan. Paradigma postkolonialisme hadir sebagai kritik terhadap hegemoni berpikir supremasi kulit putih tersebut. Namun kenyataannya, bahkan di era pasca kolonialisme, praktik serupa masih kerap terjadi. Cara pandang neo-kolonialisme masih dapat ditemui hingga saat ini. Arkeologi tidak hanya ditempatkan sebagai bidang ilmu yang netral, namun masih menjadi salah satu isu sentral sebagai simbol personifikasi jati diri, harga diri, maupun propaganda politik. Kontroversi serupa juga dapat dilihat di ranah permuseuman. Wacana repatriasi antara negara ex- koloni dengan ‘universal museums’ selalu menuai perdebatan yang panjang. Perselisihan ini kerap kali tidak berujung pada suatu solusi karena salah satu pihak cenderung menutup pintu dialog. Di sisi lain, tidak sedikit pula negara-negara yang menutup atau memberlakukan regulasi yang sangat ketat (atau bahkan melarang sepenuhnya) terhadap penelitian asing demi melindungi kekayaan sejarah mereka. Kebijakan ini tidak jarang menghambat berkembangnya penelitian di negara tersebut. Kenyataannya, arkeologi tidak akan pernah sepenuhnya lepas dari berbagai kepentingan, namun usaha untuk menyelaraskan kepentingan akademik, etik, dan politik harus terus dilakukan.

Music in Indonesia on the Ideological Debates in the Soekarnoian Era

The aim of this article is to explain about a position of music on the ideology debate in Indonesia of Soekarnoian era. The defined ideology debate that is between a concept of Soekarno about Nasakom (an acronym of Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunis or Nationalism, Religion, Communist) and a market ideology (entertainment). Each of these ideologies affects a reality of music at that time, both its creation and its presentation. Based on it, a collected data is derived from various resources, such as observations, interviews, documents, and audio and video recordings. The data is analyzed using Davis’s concept of art and ideology and Navits’s concept of art and identity. There are three founded conclusions, namely, firstly, Indonesia in Soekarnoian era was being held to seek the identity by inventorying a local music in Indonesia and introducing to the international arena; secondly, Soekarno seceded from the culture of Nekolim by categorizing a good and bad music for Indonesian; and thirdly, it was occurred the ideology debate between the musicians and the government in the Indonesian cultural politics of Soekarnoian era. This debate had put the music in an un-neutral field in fact as a traumatic language that had rose from a personal will of creator. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menjelaskan tentang posisi musik pada perdebatan ideologi di Indonesia era Soekarno. Debat ideologi yang maksud yaitu antara konsep Soekarno tentang Nasakom (akronim Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunis atau Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunis) dan ideologi pasar (hiburan). Masing-masing ideologi ini mempengaruhi realitas musik pada waktu itu, baik kreasi maupun presentasinya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, data tulisan ini berasal dari berbagai sumber daya, seperti observasi, wawancara, dokumen, dan rekaman audio dan video. Data tersebut dianalisis menggunakan konsep seni dan ideologi Davis dan konsep seni dan identitas Navits. Ada tiga kesimpulan yang dibuat, yaitu, pertama, Indonesia di era Soekarno dilakukan untuk mencari identitas dengan menginventarisasi musik lokal di Indonesia dan memperkenalkan ke arena internasional; kedua, Soekarno melepaskan diri dari budaya Nekolim dengan mengkategorikan musik yang baik dan yang buruk untuk Indonesia; dan ketiga, terjadi perdebatan ideologi antara musisi dan pemerintah dalam politik kebudayaan Indonesia era Soekarno. Perdebatan ini telah menempatkan musik sebagai bidang yang tidak netral dan pada kenyataannya sebagai bahasa traumatik yang muncul dari keinginan personal pencipta.

Don't fall in common science pitfall!

The fundamental mission of science in providing knowledge and guidance for solving current and future challenges seems to be changing at accelerated pace, undoubtedly as a result of other economical, technological, and social deep changes. The trend is easily noticeable from an objective and neutral field toward an open, large, and unmerciful business market with many subjective and biased criteria for funding, hiring, promotion, and unscrupulous conducts in many cases. Due to a rubbish “publish-or-perish” mantra, the absence of ethical rules or the ignorance of their existence in a work environment, some scientists weave a kind of intentional or unintentional “tricks” to their way to do or to report science.

Global Energy Solution to the Schrödinger Equation Coupled with the Chern-Simons Gauge and Neutral Field

We study the Cauchy problem of the Chern-Simons-Schrödinger equations with a neutral field, under the Coulomb gauge condition, in energy space H1(R2). We prove the uniqueness of a solution by using the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality with the specific constant. To obtain a global solution, we show the conservation of total energy and find a bound for the nondefinite term.

Do Otolaryngology Patients Show Gender Preference When Choosing a Surgeon? — A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

Introduction Otorhinolaryngology has always been considered a gender-neutral specialty, whereas in several other specialties, such as obstetrics, gynecology and urology, gender preference has been consistently shown by patients when choosing their treating surgeon. To date, no study has been performed to analyze whether this practice of gender preference is prevalent in otorhinolaryngology patients too. Objectives To identify if gender preference exists in the field of otorhinolaryngology, specifically in its four subspecialties, namely otology, pediatric otolaryngology, laryngology and head and neck surgery. Methods Patients attending our outpatient department were asked to complete a preformed proforma. The pro forma consisted of two parts, demographic details of the subjects and gender preference in the following subspecialties: otology, pediatric otolaryngology, laryngology and head and neck oncosurgery. Results A total of 1,112 subjects took part in the study, out of which 1,089 subjects were included in the final analysis. Female gender preference was highest in the field of pediatric otolaryngology, while male preference was highest for head and neck oncosurgery. Conclusion Though otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery has been considered a gender-neutral field, subspecialties of this field show considerable gender preference.

Covenant Fidelity and Culture Wars

This chapter grapples with the evolving and sometimes contradictory ways in which Paul Ramsey approaches secular law in his efforts to work out the relationship of love and justice. Over the course of three decades, Ramsey moves from treating the law as a rich locus of insight on the concrete requirements of that relationship, to viewing the law a more or less neutral field ripe for the application of Christian norms, to depicting law as the menacing subject of a hostile takeover by secular liberal values. The chapter contends that this last stage is a harbinger of the legal strategy used by socially conservative culture warriors in later decades. It also argues that Ramsey never fully confronts the question of how law should respond to the phenomenon of human sinfulness.

Incumbency and the Legal Configuration of Hydrocarbon Infrastructure

Incumbency is usually understood as an entity’s power to preclude economic competition through legislative rent seeking or price manipulation, and monopolistic electrical power utilities are a frequently presented as the prototypical example of such incumbency. However, whether this sort of economic incumbency is an impediment to the transition to a clean energy infrastructure is contingent upon the particular utility. In contrast, in this chapter the author argues that hydrocarbon energy infrastructure is itself entrenched in law. The economic perspective abstracts from the law and therefore fails to recognize that the presently existing legally organized electrical power markets are not a neutral field, but presuppose and support hydrocarbon generation. To transition to clean energy, then, law and regulations must be reconfigured around the features of renewable energy generation and infrastructure.