Limb skeletal variation in the Jemez Mountains salamander, Plethodon neomexicanus

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1281-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Dwyer ◽  
James Hanken
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Plethodontid Salamander ◽  
Jemez Mountains ◽  
Phalangeal Formula ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Cartilage ◽  
Whole Mounts ◽  
Isolated Species

We examine limb skeletal variability in Plethodon neomexicanus, a geographically isolated species of plethodontid salamander endemic to the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, U.S.A. Data are derived from a series of 25 specimens prepared as whole mounts stained for bone and cartilage. Only 25% of hind limbs display the derived hind limb phalangeal formula 1-2-3-3-1, once considered characteristic of this species; two hind limb and one forelimb phalangeal formulae are reported for the first time. In addition, there are six variant carpal and tarsal patterns as well as the two predominant, primitive mesopodial patterns that are typical of most other species of Plethodon as well as of many other plethodontid genera. Limb skeletal variability in P. neomexicanus is among the highest recorded for urodeles and may represent an ancient and widespread polymorphism in the genus Plethodon.

Muscle and tendon morphogenesis in the avian hind limb

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (20) ◽  
pp. 4019-4032 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kardon
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
Reciprocal Interactions ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
And Cartilage

The proper development of the musculoskeletal system in the tetrapod limb requires the coordinated development of muscle, tendon and cartilage. This paper examines the morphogenesis of muscle and tendon in the developing avian hind limb. Based on a developmental series of embryos labeled with myosin and tenascin antibodies in whole mount, an integrative description of the temporal sequence and spatial pattern of muscle and tendon morphogenesis and their relationship to cartilage throughout the chick hind limb is presented for the first time. Anatomically distinct muscles arise by the progressive segregation of muscle: differentiated myotubes first appear as a pair of dorsal and ventral muscle masses; these masses subdivide into dorsal and ventral thigh, shank and foot muscle masses; and finally these six masses segregate into individual muscles. From their initial appearance, most myotubes are precisely oriented and their pattern presages the pattern of future, individual muscles. Anatomically distinct tendons emerge from three tendon primordia associated with the major joints of the limb. Contrary to previous reports, comparison of muscle and tendon reveals that much of their morphogenesis is temporally and spatially closely associated. To test whether reciprocal muscle-tendon interactions are necessary for correct muscle-tendon patterning or whether morphogenesis of each of these tissues is autonomous, two sets of experiments were conducted: (1) tendon development was examined in muscleless limbs produced by coelomic grafting of early limb buds and (2) muscle development was analyzed in limbs where tendon had been surgically altered. These experiments demonstrate that in the avian hind limb the initial morphogenetic events, formation of tendon primordia and initial differentiation of myogenic precursors, occur autonomously with respect to one another. However, later morphogenetic events, such as subdivision of muscle masses and segregation of tendon primordia into individual tendons, do require to various degrees reciprocal interactions between muscle and tendon. The dependence of these later morphogenetic events on tissue interactions differs between different proximodistal regions of the limb.

A New Species of Plethodontid Salamander from the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico

Copeia ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 1950 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Stebbins ◽  
William J. Riemer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Plethodontid Salamander ◽  
Jemez Mountains ◽  
A New Species

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Dogs - Retrospective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Borges Cardoso ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal ◽  
Maria Jaqueline Mamprim ◽  
Hugo Salvador Oliveira ◽  
Alessandra Melchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Patient Consultation ◽  
The Moment

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed. Such group differed from that of a review involving 188 cases encompassing West Highland white terrier, Cairn terrier and poodle as the most commonly affected breeds. No sex predilection was found in a study comprising 188 cases, but in another study comprising 14 dogs, female predilection was observed. Likewise, the females represented 58.13% of cases in the present study; and 41.86% of the participants were male. The mean body mass of the dogs in the current study was 4.33 kg, which matches the small breed dogs, which are most affected by the disease. Clinical signs of non-weightbearing lameness or an intermittent subtle lameness are common in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Lameness of the affected hind limb was observed in 69.76% of the cases in the present study, but 2.32% showed no lameness. Occasionally, the avascular necrosis of the femoral head is bilaterally found in 12% to 16.5% of the cases. Only 3 out of the 43 cases assessed in the present study were bilateral. Since the lesions were more frequent in Grades 2 and 5, there is less chance of success through the conservative treatment. Thus, the femoral head and neck ostectomy was the surgical procedure performed in 42 hind limbs. The procedure is used to provide pain relief and to reduce the signs of lameness. In conclusion, the population assessed in the present study was composed of small size dogs, mean body mass 4.33 kg, no sex predilection, mostly presenting unilateral lesions and higher Grade 2 and Grade 5 radiographic lesion frequency.Keywords: radiographic, joint, canine, hip.

scholarly journals Predicting wildfire impacts on the prehistoric archaeological record of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA

Fire Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Friggens ◽  
Rachel A. Loehman ◽  
Connie I. Constan ◽  
Rebekah R. Kneifel
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Burn Severity ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Jemez Mountains ◽  
Archaeological Materials

Abstract Background Wildfires of uncharacteristic severity, a consequence of climate changes and accumulated fuels, can cause amplified or novel impacts to archaeological resources. The archaeological record includes physical features associated with human activity; these exist within ecological landscapes and provide a unique long-term perspective on human–environment interactions. The potential for fire-caused damage to archaeological materials is of major concern because these resources are irreplaceable and non-renewable, have social or religious significance for living peoples, and are protected by an extensive body of legislation. Although previous studies have modeled ecological burn severity as a function of environmental setting and climate, the fidelity of these variables as predictors of archaeological fire effects has not been evaluated. This study, focused on prehistoric archaeological sites in a fire-prone and archaeologically rich landscape in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, USA, identified the environmental and climate variables that best predict observed fire severity and fire effects to archaeological features and artifacts. Results Machine learning models (Random Forest) indicate that topography and variables related to pre-fire weather and fuel condition are important predictors of fire effects and severity at archaeological sites. Fire effects were more likely to be present when fire-season weather was warmer and drier than average and within sites located in sloped, treed settings. Topographic predictors were highly important for distinguishing unburned, moderate, and high site burn severity as classified in post-fire archaeological assessments. High-severity impacts were more likely at archaeological sites with southern orientation or on warmer, steeper, slopes with less accumulated surface moisture, likely associated with lower fuel moistures and high potential for spreading fire. Conclusions Models for predicting where and when fires may negatively affect the archaeological record can be used to prioritize fuel treatments, inform fire management plans, and guide post-fire rehabilitation efforts, thus aiding in cultural resource preservation.

scholarly journals Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
Gregorio Moreno-Rueda ◽  
Abelardo Requena-Blanco ◽  
Francisco J Zamora-Camacho ◽  
Mar Comas ◽  
Guillem Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Pelophylax Perezi

Abstract Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance—that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.

Development of the mixed conifer forest in northern New Mexico and its relationship to Holocene environmental change

2008 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Anderson ◽  
Renata B. Jass ◽  
Jaime L. Toney ◽  
Craig D. Allen ◽  
Luz M. Cisneros-Dozal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Lake Levels ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Mixed Conifer Forest ◽  
Jemez Mountains

Chihuahueños Bog (2925 m) in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico contains one of the few records of late-glacial and postglacial development of the mixed conifer forest in southwestern North America. The Chihuahueños Bog record extends to over 15,000 cal yr BP. AnArtemisiasteppe, then an openPiceawoodland grew around a small pond until ca. 11,700 cal yr BP whenPinus ponderosabecame established. C/N ratios,δ13C andδ15N values indicate both terrestrial and aquatic organic matter was incorporated into the sediment. Higher percentages of aquatic algae and elevated C/N ratios indicate higher lake levels at the opening of the Holocene, but a wetland developed subsequently as climate warmed. From ca. 8500 to 6400 cal yr BP the pond desiccated in what must have been the driest period of the Holocene there. C/N ratios declined to their lowest Holocene levels, indicating intense decomposition in the sediment. Wetter conditions returned after 6400 cal yr BP, with conversion of the site to a sedge bog as groundwater levels rose. Higher charcoal influx rates after 6400 cal yr BP probably result from greater biomass production rates. Only minor shifts in the overstory species occurred during the Holocene, suggesting that mixed conifer forest dominated throughout the record.

Correlation of a Volcanic Ash bed in Pleistocene Deposits near Mount Blanco, Texas, with the Guaje Pumice Bed of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen A. Izett ◽  
Ray E. Wilcox ◽  
Glenn A. Borchardt
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Fission Track ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Flow Sheet ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Jemez Mountains ◽  
Bandelier Tuff ◽  
Minimum Age

A rhyolitic volcanic ash bed about 0.3 m thick is exposed in a roadcut along Texas Highway 193 near Mount Blanco in the upper part of a sequence of Pleistocene sedimentary deposits at the type locality of the Blanco Formation, about 59 km northeast of Lubbock, Texas. This ash, here named informally the Guaje ash bed, has chemical and petrographic characteristics closely resembling those of the rhyolitic air-fall tephra (Guaje Pumice Bed) that directly underlies ash flows of Pleistocene age in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. The Guaje Pumice Bed and the ash flows belong to the Otowi Member of the Bandelier Tuff. Properties common to the Guaje ash bed and the Guaje Pumice Bed include: refractive index of glass, 1.497–1.498; microphenocrysts of quartz, sanidine (Or42–44), ferrohedenbergite (Fe51Ca42Mg7), chevkinite, allanite, zircon, and magnetite. Chemical composition of the glass of the Guaje ash bed matches that of the Guaje Pumice Bed for all major elements except K and Na and for trace elements determined by standard chemical analyses, atomic absorption, and neutron activation. Paleomagnetic measurements indicate that the ash has reverse depositional remanent magnetization. Glass shards of the ash have a fission-track age of about 1.4 ± 0.2 m. y. Sanidine from the Guaje Pumice Bed and its genetically related ash-flow sheet in the Jemez Mountains was K-Ar dated at about 1.4 m. y. by R. R. Doell and his colleagues in 1968. Correlation of the Guaje ash bed with the radiometrically dated Guaje Pumice Bed establishes a minimum age of about 1.4 m. y. for the Blanco Formation.

Motor projection patterns to the hind limb of normal and paralysed chick embryos

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-286
Author(s):  
N. G. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Lateral Motor Column ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Major Period

Counts were made of the number of motoneurons innervating the hind limbs of 10-day normal and paralysed chick embryos whose right hind limb buds had been subjected to varying degrees of amputation prior to innervation. The number of motoneurons on the intact sides of the paralysed embryos was found to be similar to the number present in normal embryos prior to the major period of motoneuron death. Since it has previously been shown that paralysis does not increase the number of motoneurons generated, this means that normal motoneuron death was largely prevented in the paralysed embryos. There were differences in the distributions of motoneurons in the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord between normal and paralysed embryos. Therefore, cell death does not eliminate a uniform fraction of motoneurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the chick embryo lumbar lateral motor column. It is also argued that there are differences in the relative contribution of the various lumbosacral levels to different parts of the limb, e.g. the shank, before and after the period of cell death. In both normal and paralysed embryos there was a linear relationship between the volume of limb muscle which developed after amputation and the number of motoneurons surviving in the spinal cord. There was no evidence of a ‘compression’ of motoneurons into the remaining muscle either after amputation alone or after amputation combined with paralysis. Motoneurons are therefore rigidly specified for certain parts of the limb. The relationship between motoneuron number and muscle volume on the amputated side differed from that of the intact side. For a similar increase in muscle volume there was a smaller increase in motoneuron number on the intact sides. This suggested a parallel to the paradoxically small increase in motoneuron number that occurs on the addition of a supernumerary limb.

scholarly journals A Locomotor Disorder Clinically Similar to Spastic Paresis in an Adult Friesian Bull

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bradley ◽  
W.V.S. Wueratne
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Type Ii Cell ◽  
Spastic Paresis ◽  
Flexor Digitorum ◽  
I Cells ◽  
Severe Type

A 5-year-old Friesian stud bull developed a progressive locomotor disorder on return to stud after a period of rest. He had defects in conformation exacerbated by poor condition. The hind limbs were excessively straight. When he stood or moved, the Achilles tendons and their associated muscles were rigid. The disorder clinically resembled spastic paresis of calves. Necropsy showed a degenerative arthropathy in all hind limb joints below the hip. Lesions were also in tendons and skeletal muscles. The M. flexor digitorum superficialis had severe type II cell atrophy with many ring. lobulated and moth-eaten type I cells.

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