Developmental stability, heterozygosity, and genetic analysis of morphological variation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Family Survival ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Heterozygosity of 26 pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) families was compared with family survival rates up to 410 d after fry emergence and also with asymmetry of pectoral and pelvic fin ray numbers. There was no significant association between heterozygosity calculated at six electrophoretic loci and either survival rate or asymmetry in fin ray number at any time during the 410-d rearing period. More heterozygous families did not have higher survival rates than less heterozygous families, and they did not have less asymmetry in the fin ray characters. Heritabilities of 11 morphometric characters were, on average, lower than the heritabilities of the 2 meristic characters examined. There is no evidence yet to indicate that increased heterozygosity results in increased canalization of morphology in pink salmon.

Heterozygosity and morphological variability of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from southern British Columbia and Puget Sound

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Ruth E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

We compared variability in gill raker number and four morphometric characters with heterozygosity at enzymatic loci within and among populations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Among individuals, there was no relationship between levels of heterozygosity at eight electrophoretic loci and degree of meristic or morphometric variation. Decreased phenotypic variance was not associated with increased heterozygosity. Among populations of pink salmon, increased levels of average heterozygosity were not associated with decreased phenotypic variation. Our results do not support the hypothesis that more heterozygous individuals are less phenotypically variable than more homozygous ones as a result of genetic homeostasis and a canalisation of morphology during development. Genetic distances between pairs of pink populations were significantly correlated with pairwise Mahalanobis distances derived from meristic characters (gill rakers) and less strongly correlated with distances derived from morphometric characters. Pink salmon are morphometrically adapted to the natal stream environment, whereas biochemical and meristic characters in these populations may be less affected differentially by local selective forces.Key words: salmon, electromorphs, homeostasis, genetic variability, heterozygosity.

Spatial covariation in survival rates of Northeast Pacific pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1501-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J Pyper ◽  
Franz J Mueter ◽  
Randall M Peterman ◽  
David J Blackbourn ◽  
Chris C Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Best Fit

We examined spatial patterns of covariation in indices of survival rate (residuals from the best-fit stock- recruitment curve) across four decades among 43 wild pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) stocks from 14 geographical regions in Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. We found strong evidence of positive covariation among stocks within each region and between certain adjacent regions (e.g., correlations from 0.3 to 0.7) but no evidence of covariation between stocks of distant regions (e.g., separated by 1000 km or more). This suggests that important environmental processes affecting temporal variation in survival rates of pink salmon from spawners to recruits operate at regional spatial scales rather than at the larger ocean basin scale. Based on limited fry abundance data, we found that this covariation in spawner-to-recruit survival rates may be strongly influenced by marine processes.

Effect of parental heterozygosity on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryonic and alevin survival and development at extreme temperatures

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2485-2489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Nataly V. Varnavskaya
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Survival And Development

Heterozygosity of 59 pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) families was compared with embryo and alevin survival, hatching time, and emergence time for developmental temperatures of 4, 8, and 15 °C. There was no consistent association between heterozygosity determined at 23 loci and either embryo or alevin survival or development rate at any of the three rearing temperatures. Embryos and alevins from more heterozygous parents did not have higher survival rates during development at the more extreme temperatures (4 and 15 °C). Hatching and emergence timing was unrelated to parental heterozygosity. For pink salmon, there is no evidence to indicate that heterozygosity is correlated with any phenotypic trait yet examined.

Effects of stock, coded-wire tagging, and transplant on straying of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southeastern Alaska

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2076-2085 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F Thedinga ◽  
A C Wertheimer ◽  
R A Heintz ◽  
J M Maselko ◽  
S D Rice
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Estuarine Environment ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Coded Wire Tags ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Straying of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from two wild stocks (intertidal and upstream) in southeastern Alaska was estimated. Secondary factors (coded-wire tagging and transplanting of the intertidal stock) that may influence straying were also evaluated. In 1996, 321 494 fry were marked with either coded-wire tags or pelvic-fin clips. A total of 3828 marked adults were recovered in their natal streams and 79 strays were recovered in streams within 60 km of the release sites. The overall estimated straying rate was 5.1%. Estimated straying for the intertidal stock (9.2%) was higher than straying of the upstream stock (3.7%) but was not statistically different due to high variance of the estimates. The proportion of fish straying was significantly greater (P = 0.01) for coded-wire-tagged than for pelvic-fin-clipped fish for the upstream but not for the transplanted stock. Straying and distribution of the transplanted stock were more similar to those of the upstream stock, which was endemic to the natal watershed and release site of the transplant, than to those of the intertidal stock, which was the donor stock for the transplant. Although tagging may influence straying, incubation and initial estuarine environment appear to be major determinants of the natural straying of pink salmon in southeastern Alaska.

Meristic and morphometric variation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Gill Raker

Variation in the number of gill rakers and four morphometric characters was examined for 4 stocks from the even-year brood line and 20 stocks from the odd-year brood line of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Significant differences in gill-raker frequencies were observed among stocks within each brood line, but differences were greater between the brood lines than within each brood line. Sizes of the morphometric characters standardized to a body length of 419 mm were also variable among stocks within a brood line, but stocks spawning in rivers in the same region in alternate years were more similar morphometrically than to those spawning in different regions. It is suggested that patterns of meristic and morphometric variability are reflective of genetic differences, with meristic variability illustrating the genetic differences between the brood lines, and morphometric variability reflecting adaptation to local water velocity conditions in the streams the stocks return to during spawning.

Influence of photoperiod and temperature on timing of sexual maturity of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1729-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Clyde B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Males And Females

The effect of two photoperiods and rearing at 10, 13, and 16 °C on the development of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) maturity 12 to 13 months after fry emergence was examined. Highest rates of maturity for both males and females were observed in the 10 °C temperature regime with a normal first summer, short winter, and short second summer photoperiod. In any environment examined, males were more likely to have matured than females. Highest survival rates and fastest overall growth rates were also observed at 10 °C. The feasibility of transplanting genes from one pink salmon brood line to another is examined.

Gravel Incubators: a Second Evaluation on Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Including Adult Returns

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1379-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Bams
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Salmon Fry

A hatchery method designed for mass production of unfed Pacific salmon fry and utilizing a gravel medium during most of the incubation period is being evaluated on successive cycles of a stock of pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, of the Tsolum River, B.C. Possible treatment effects are studied at emergent fry and returning adult stages in artificially and naturally propagated populations. Average growth rate and, hence, efficiency of yolk conversion were unimpeded in the hatchery environment, but fry emerged 11 days prematurely. Survival from green egg to emergent fry averaged 74.9% in the hatchery and 20.6% in the creek, for a gain ratio at emergence of 3.63. Recovery of selectively marked populations of hatchery and creek fish demonstrated almost identical survival rates from fry to adult stages and a final gain ratio of 3.46. Adult lengths and weights, fecundity, and timing of migrations were unaffected generally by the hatchery treatment.

scholarly journals Ecological factors influencing lifetime productivity of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in an Alaskan stream

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher V. Manhard ◽  
John E. Joyce ◽  
William W. Smoker ◽  
Anthony J. Gharrett
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Substrate Quality ◽  
Marine Survival

Ecological factors underlying freshwater productivity and marine survival of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were evaluated by analyzing a 30 year time series of local environmental data and censuses of migrating adult and juvenile fish collected at Auke Creek, Alaska. Freshwater productivity was influenced primarily by spawning habitat limitation and less so by stream temperature and flow. Furthermore, a trend of declining freshwater productivity was detected over the time series, which may be related to observed declines in spawning substrate quality and in the duration of the adult migration. Marine survival was highly variable among brood years and was influenced by physical conditions in the nearshore marine environment; warm sea-surface temperatures during nearshore residency were associated with higher marine survival rates, whereas high stream flows late in the fry emigration period were associated with reduced marine survival. Simulations of adult recruitment, based on ecological factors in the freshwater and marine environments, indicated that the productivity of pink salmon in this stream is determined primarily by early marine survival.

Developmental stability and heterozygosity in chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) salmon

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1823-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
R. E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Gill Raker ◽  
Fin Length

We compared developmental stability as measured by fluctuating asymmetry within individual adults for gill raker and branchiostegal ray number and pectoral and pelvic fin length for three populations of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and one of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). There was no association between individual heterozygosity calculated at 10 electrophoretic loci for chum salmon and 13 loci for pink salmon and magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry for the four morphological characters examined. More heterozygous individuals were not less asymmetrical, and thus our results provide no evidence to suggest that increased heterozygosity results in an increased canalization of morphology during development and growth.

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