Erythrodynamics in fish: recovery of the goldfish Carassius auratus from acute anemia

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Houston ◽  
Ajmal Murad
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Cell Breakdown

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were rendered anemic through immersion in phenylhydrazine∙HCl, a cohort of [3H]thymidine-labelled erythrocytes was established, and recovery followed over a 234-d period. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) levels increased in biphasic fashion during recovery, rapid increases to plateau values being followed by more modest increases to levels equalling those observed prior to treatment. During the initial rapid phase of response, increased ventilatory and cardiovascular activities probably compensated for deficits in oxygen-carrying capacity but, by elevating blood O2 tension, may have suppressed erythropoiesis. Continuing slow increases in RBC, Hb, and Hct may point to some as yet unidentified alternative mechanism for stimulating red cell formation. During maturation, mean erythrocytic volume decreased, while mean erythrocytic hemoglobin level increased. Cycles of division of circulating juvenile erythrocytes occurred at roughly 56-d intervals, but did not appear to play a major role in elevating blood O2-carrying capacity. Division and karyorrhexis or cell breakdown were loosely correlated. Under the conditions employed, red cell half-life was approximately 80 d.

Induction of anemia in goldfish, Carassius auratus L., by immersion in phenylhydrazine hydrochloride

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Houston ◽  
A. Murad ◽  
J. D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride ◽  
Heavy Mortality ◽  
Regulatory Dysfunction

Immersion of goldfish, Carassius auratus, in 1 mg∙L−1 phenylhydrazine hydrochloride at 5 °C for 48 h led to reductions of 90–95% in hemoglobin and hematocrit within 10–14 days. Under similar conditions, 96-h exposures prompted heavy mortality. Fewer mortalities occurred after 24-h exposure periods; however, only modest reductions in O2-carrying capacity were seen. All higher concentration (2, 5, 10, 50 mg∙L−1) and temperature (10, 15, 20 °C) combinations led to complete mortality within 12–96 h regardless of exposure period (24, 48, 96 h). Exposure to phenylhydrazine hydrochloride caused decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit, changes in the abundances of specific hemoglobin isomorphs, and the transient appearance of novel hemoglobin mobilities as well as evidence of osmo- and iono-regulatory dysfunction. Slow warming to 20 °C prompted red cell proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis and restoration of typical hemoglobin isomorph abundances. Incidence of transfer stresses was monitored by reference to differential leucocyte counts. Transfer led to lymphopenia and thrombopenia with neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Warming was accompanied by increases in lymphocyte and thrombocyte counts and reductions in those of monocytes and all granulocytes.

Cadmium Inhibition of Erythropoiesis in Goldfish, Carassius auratus

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1829-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Houston ◽  
J. E. Keen
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Recovery Times

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) maintained on a highly nutritional diet under normoxic circumstances at 25 °C in soft water had mean half-recovery times of 22.5 h (hemoglobin) and 21.0 h (hematocrit) following anemia induced with phenylhydrazine HCl. Corresponding values for fish exposed under similar conditions to 1, 5, 15, and 25% of the softwater 240-h cadmium LC50 were 41.9, 53.1, 164.8, and 344.3 h (hemoglobin) and 44.7, 46.5, 348.9, and 263.2 h (hematocrit), respectively. We suggest that whereas cadmium has relatively little effect upon circulating erythrocytes, it seriously impedes red cell formation and hemoglobin synthesis at concentrations well below the acutely lethal level.

Hemoglobin Levels and Red Cell Ionic Composition in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Exposed to Constant and Diurnally Cycling Temperatures

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1182-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted F. Koss ◽  
Arthur H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Hematological response in goldfish (Carassius auratus) held at constant temperature (20, 25, 30 °C) was compared with that of animals exposed to a diurnal temperature cycle (25 ± 5 °C), with particular reference to overall oxygen carrying capacity and cellular electrolytes influencing haemoglobin–oxygen affinity. All groups were sampled at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were determined, as were plasma and packed red cell levels of water, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chloride. The latter were used to estimate mean cellular ion concentrations. Temperature treatment influenced response. Under constant temperature conditions hemoglobin levels tended to increase at higher temperatures. This was associated with compositional changes which would be expected to reduce affinity and facilitate oxygen release. By contrast, under cycling temperature conditions hemoglobin levels were elevated whereas erythrocytic electrolyte concentrations tended to be stable. Observations are discussed in terms of their bearing on the interpretation of studies on the acclimatory process.Key words: goldfish, Carassius auratus; blood chemistry, temperature, hemoglobin, O2-carrying capacity

Division of goldfish erythrocytes in circulation

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2190-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajmal Murad ◽  
Susan Everill ◽  
Arthur Houston
Keyword(s):  
Cell Separation ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Erythroid Cells ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Division Process

Erythrocyte division occurs in the blood of goldfish, Carassius auratus L., and is particularly prominent during response to respiratory stresses. The process involves nuclear elongation followed by cellular elongation, central constriction, and attenuation culminating in cell separation. Cytomorphic criteria developed in an earlier study of red cell maturation in this species suggest that the process is restricted to juvenile cells: those possessing the organelles required for hemoglobin synthesis. Consistent with this, but in distinct contrast to mature erythrocytes, dividing cells resemble juvenile cells in their incorporation of 55Fe. This is subsequently detectable by autoradiography in hemoglobin electropherograms. Immuno-fluorescent antibody probes for tubulin and actin revealed an ordered sequence of cytoskeletal changes during the division process. However, the nuclei of dividing cells do not take up [3H]thymidine, and although colchicine and nocodazole treatment led to the appearance of metaphase figures in pronephric and splenic erythroid cells, these were not evident in dividing cells. The nature and possible significance of the process are discussed.

Some Haematological Responses to Sublethal Thermal Shock in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus L.

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Ward Falkner ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Red cell numbers and haematocrit values were notable principally for their constancy during a 10-day experimental period following the exposure of goldfish acclimated to 20 C to an abrupt increase of 10 C in environmental temperature. Mean erythrocytic volume underwent a transient decrease while total blood iron (and presumably haemoglobin) and mean erythrocytic iron content fell slightly during the latter portion of the period of observation. Goldfish maintained at 5 C were typically characterized by two haemoglobin polymorphs, a third fraction being commonly found in animals acclimated at 12, 20, and 30 C. The observations are discussed in relation to the respiratory acclimation of this species to increases in environmental temperature.

Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on oxygen-transfer properties of the blood of a viviparous snake

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (9) ◽  
pp. 2061-2070
Author(s):  
J Herman ◽  
R Ingermann
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Pregnant Female ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Thamnophis Elegans

Red cell oxygen affinity, red cell nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) levels and blood oxygen-carrying capacity were determined for male, nonpregnant and pregnant female, and fetal garter snakes Thamnophis elegans exposed to hypoxia (5 % oxygen) and hyperoxia (100 % oxygen). Male and nonpregnant female snakes were maintained under these conditions for up to 3 weeks and exhibited an apparent maximal change in oxygen affinity after 14 days of hypoxia and hyperoxia. Red cell NTP levels decreased and oxygen affinity increased with exposure to hypoxia, while exposure to hyperoxia promoted an increase in red cell NTP concentrations and a decrease in red cell oxygen affinity in the males. Hyperoxia-exposed nonpregnant females did not show a significant change in oxygen affinity. After 14 days of hypoxia, the pregnant females showed an increase in red cell oxygen affinity which was associated with a decrease in red cell NTP concentration and in the molar ratio of NTP/hemoglobin relative to normoxic controls. Fourteen days of hyperoxia did not result in a change in oxygen affinity of red cells from the pregnant female, but did promote a slight increase red cell NTP concentrations. The blood parameters of fetuses from females exposed to hypoxia or hyperoxia did not differ from those of normoxic control fetuses. The fetuses of females exposed to hypoxia suffered greater mortality, appeared less developed and had a lower average wet mass than the fetuses of normoxic- and hyperoxic-exposed females. Neither hypoxia nor hyperoxia altered the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood in any group of snake.

Temperature-Related Changes in the Erythrocytic Carbonic Anhydrase (Acetazolamide-Sensitive Esterase) Activity of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus

1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
ARTHUR H. HOUSTON ◽  
KAREN M. MEAROW
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Species Activity ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Stable Plasma

1. Carbonic anhydrase activity in ‘membrane’ and ‘cytosol’ fractions of goldfish erythrocytes was assayed by the p-nitrophenyl acetate procedure following thermal acclimation. 2. The thermal sensitivity of ‘membrane’-associated activity was apparently unaltered by acclimation. ‘Cytosol’ activity in warm-acclimated specimens was somewhat more thermosensitive than that of animals maintained at low temperature. 3. Significant increases in specific activity, and activity per unit volume of packed cells and blood were observed at higher temperatures when assays were conducted at the temperatures at which the system actually functions in the fish. By contrast, when determinations were carried out at a standard temperature (41 °C) corresponding to the upper incipient lethal for this species, activity was either unaffected, or declined as acclimation temperatures increased. 4. Changes in carbonic anhydrase activity following acclimation are consistent with the hypothesis that this system is implicated in the maintenance of stable plasma chloride levels, and the suggestion that alterations in red cell chloride levels with temperature are, in part at least, attributable to concomitant variations in enzyme activity.

IV.—The Storage of Red Cells

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (S1) ◽  
pp. s35-s46
Author(s):  
J. Blagdon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

In 1967 when Tullis opened a discussion on ‘Methods and standards of blood transfusion’ he said that the discovery of citrate, which made it possible to store blood for a few days before transfusion, was perhaps the worst step that ever took place, because it made it possible for clinicians to abuse blood. Now they could collect it in a bottle, put it in a refrigerator for a few days and fully inactivate many labile components such as platelets, anti-haemophilic globulin, leucocytes and lipoproteins [1].When blood is stored prior to transfusion there is a deterioration in the viability of the red cell in addition to other components. This has been assessed mainly on the post-transfusion survival, but in recent years more interest has been shown in the oxygen-carrying capacity.

Red Cell Exchange in Sickle Cell Disease

Hematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Swerdlow
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Acute And Chronic Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
The Right

Abstract Red cell exchange transfusions remain an effective but possibly underutilized therapy in the acute and chronic treatment of sickle cell disease. In sickle cell disease, increased blood viscosity can cause complications when the hemoglobin exceeds 10 g/dL even if this is due to simple transfusion. Red cell exchange can provide needed oxygen carrying capacity while reducing the overall viscosity of blood. Acute red cell exchange is useful in acute infarctive stroke, in acute chest and the multi-organ failure syndromes, the right upper quadrant syndrome, and possibly priapism. Neither simple or exchange transfusions are likely to hasten resolution of an acute pain episode.

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