Induction of anemia in goldfish, Carassius auratus L., by immersion in phenylhydrazine hydrochloride

Immersion of goldfish, Carassius auratus, in 1 mg∙L−1 phenylhydrazine hydrochloride at 5 °C for 48 h led to reductions of 90–95% in hemoglobin and hematocrit within 10–14 days. Under similar conditions, 96-h exposures prompted heavy mortality. Fewer mortalities occurred after 24-h exposure periods; however, only modest reductions in O2-carrying capacity were seen. All higher concentration (2, 5, 10, 50 mg∙L−1) and temperature (10, 15, 20 °C) combinations led to complete mortality within 12–96 h regardless of exposure period (24, 48, 96 h). Exposure to phenylhydrazine hydrochloride caused decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit, changes in the abundances of specific hemoglobin isomorphs, and the transient appearance of novel hemoglobin mobilities as well as evidence of osmo- and iono-regulatory dysfunction. Slow warming to 20 °C prompted red cell proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis and restoration of typical hemoglobin isomorph abundances. Incidence of transfer stresses was monitored by reference to differential leucocyte counts. Transfer led to lymphopenia and thrombopenia with neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Warming was accompanied by increases in lymphocyte and thrombocyte counts and reductions in those of monocytes and all granulocytes.

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Division of goldfish erythrocytes in circulation

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z93-308 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 71 (11) ◽

pp. 2190-2198 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Ajmal Murad ◽

Susan Everill ◽

Arthur Houston

Keyword(s):

Cell Separation ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Cell Maturation ◽

Red Cell ◽

Erythroid Cells ◽

Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Dividing Cells ◽

Division Process

Erythrocyte division occurs in the blood of goldfish, Carassius auratus L., and is particularly prominent during response to respiratory stresses. The process involves nuclear elongation followed by cellular elongation, central constriction, and attenuation culminating in cell separation. Cytomorphic criteria developed in an earlier study of red cell maturation in this species suggest that the process is restricted to juvenile cells: those possessing the organelles required for hemoglobin synthesis. Consistent with this, but in distinct contrast to mature erythrocytes, dividing cells resemble juvenile cells in their incorporation of 55Fe. This is subsequently detectable by autoradiography in hemoglobin electropherograms. Immuno-fluorescent antibody probes for tubulin and actin revealed an ordered sequence of cytoskeletal changes during the division process. However, the nuclei of dividing cells do not take up [3H]thymidine, and although colchicine and nocodazole treatment led to the appearance of metaphase figures in pronephric and splenic erythroid cells, these were not evident in dividing cells. The nature and possible significance of the process are discussed.

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Erythrodynamics in fish: recovery of the goldfish Carassius auratus from acute anemia

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-046 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 411-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Arthur H. Houston ◽

Ajmal Murad

Keyword(s):

Carrying Capacity ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Cell Formation ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

Alternative Mechanism ◽

Red Cell ◽

Rapid Phase ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽

Cell Breakdown

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were rendered anemic through immersion in phenylhydrazine∙HCl, a cohort of [3H]thymidine-labelled erythrocytes was established, and recovery followed over a 234-d period. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) levels increased in biphasic fashion during recovery, rapid increases to plateau values being followed by more modest increases to levels equalling those observed prior to treatment. During the initial rapid phase of response, increased ventilatory and cardiovascular activities probably compensated for deficits in oxygen-carrying capacity but, by elevating blood O2 tension, may have suppressed erythropoiesis. Continuing slow increases in RBC, Hb, and Hct may point to some as yet unidentified alternative mechanism for stimulating red cell formation. During maturation, mean erythrocytic volume decreased, while mean erythrocytic hemoglobin level increased. Cycles of division of circulating juvenile erythrocytes occurred at roughly 56-d intervals, but did not appear to play a major role in elevating blood O2-carrying capacity. Division and karyorrhexis or cell breakdown were loosely correlated. Under the conditions employed, red cell half-life was approximately 80 d.

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Cadmium Inhibition of Erythropoiesis in Goldfish, Carassius auratus

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f84-224 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 41 (12) ◽

pp. 1829-1834 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

A. H. Houston ◽

J. E. Keen

Keyword(s):

Carassius Auratus ◽

Cell Formation ◽

Soft Water ◽

Red Cell ◽

Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Lethal Level ◽

Recovery Times

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) maintained on a highly nutritional diet under normoxic circumstances at 25 °C in soft water had mean half-recovery times of 22.5 h (hemoglobin) and 21.0 h (hematocrit) following anemia induced with phenylhydrazine HCl. Corresponding values for fish exposed under similar conditions to 1, 5, 15, and 25% of the softwater 240-h cadmium LC50 were 41.9, 53.1, 164.8, and 344.3 h (hemoglobin) and 44.7, 46.5, 348.9, and 263.2 h (hematocrit), respectively. We suggest that whereas cadmium has relatively little effect upon circulating erythrocytes, it seriously impedes red cell formation and hemoglobin synthesis at concentrations well below the acutely lethal level.

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Hemoglobin Levels and Red Cell Ionic Composition in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Exposed to Constant and Diurnally Cycling Temperatures

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f81-159 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 1182-1188 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ted F. Koss ◽

Arthur H. Houston

Keyword(s):

Constant Temperature ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Oxygen Affinity ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Temperature Cycle ◽

Red Cell ◽

Temperature Conditions ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Hematological response in goldfish (Carassius auratus) held at constant temperature (20, 25, 30 °C) was compared with that of animals exposed to a diurnal temperature cycle (25 ± 5 °C), with particular reference to overall oxygen carrying capacity and cellular electrolytes influencing haemoglobin–oxygen affinity. All groups were sampled at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were determined, as were plasma and packed red cell levels of water, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chloride. The latter were used to estimate mean cellular ion concentrations. Temperature treatment influenced response. Under constant temperature conditions hemoglobin levels tended to increase at higher temperatures. This was associated with compositional changes which would be expected to reduce affinity and facilitate oxygen release. By contrast, under cycling temperature conditions hemoglobin levels were elevated whereas erythrocytic electrolyte concentrations tended to be stable. Observations are discussed in terms of their bearing on the interpretation of studies on the acclimatory process.Key words: goldfish, Carassius auratus; blood chemistry, temperature, hemoglobin, O2-carrying capacity

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Some Haematological Responses to Sublethal Thermal Shock in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus L.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f66-104 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1109-1120 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Neil Ward Falkner ◽

A. H. Houston

Keyword(s):

Thermal Shock ◽

Iron Content ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Red Cell ◽

Abrupt Increase ◽

Total Blood ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Red cell numbers and haematocrit values were notable principally for their constancy during a 10-day experimental period following the exposure of goldfish acclimated to 20 C to an abrupt increase of 10 C in environmental temperature. Mean erythrocytic volume underwent a transient decrease while total blood iron (and presumably haemoglobin) and mean erythrocytic iron content fell slightly during the latter portion of the period of observation. Goldfish maintained at 5 C were typically characterized by two haemoglobin polymorphs, a third fraction being commonly found in animals acclimated at 12, 20, and 30 C. The observations are discussed in relation to the respiratory acclimation of this species to increases in environmental temperature.

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Immediate response of the hemoglobin system of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, to temperature change

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z76-201 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 1737-1741 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

A. H. Houston ◽

R. Rupert

Keyword(s):

Temperature Regime ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

De Novo ◽

Minor Component ◽

System Complexity ◽

Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Cycling Temperature

Goldfish acclimated to 3 and 23 °C were characterized by two- and three-component hemoglobin systems, respectively. After acclimation to a diurnally cycling temperature regime (~3 to ~23 °C), specimens sampled at ~23 °C and ~3 °C were identical in terms of hemoglobin system complexity with those held at equivalent constant temperatures. Abrupt transfer of fish acclimated at constant 23 °C to 3 °C, and vice versa, lead to appearance or disappearance of the minor component, G.1, within 3 h. In vitro cooling and warming of whole blood and hemolyzate samples indicated that hemoglobin system modification occurred under cell-free as well as cell-intact conditions. These observations suggest that previously observed quantitative variations in the hemoglobin systems of thermally acclimated teleosts may represent, in part at least, altered aggregation of preexisting subunits rather than de novo hemoglobin synthesis and raise the possibility that teleostean hemoglobin systems may possess a capacity for rapid, adaptative reorganization after environmental temperature variation.

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Temperature-Related Changes in the Erythrocytic Carbonic Anhydrase (Acetazolamide-Sensitive Esterase) Activity of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.78.1.255 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 255-264

Author(s):

ARTHUR H. HOUSTON ◽

KAREN M. MEAROW

Keyword(s):

Carbonic Anhydrase ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Thermal Sensitivity ◽

Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽

Red Cell ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽

Species Activity ◽

Plasma Chloride ◽

Stable Plasma

1. Carbonic anhydrase activity in ‘membrane’ and ‘cytosol’ fractions of goldfish erythrocytes was assayed by the p-nitrophenyl acetate procedure following thermal acclimation. 2. The thermal sensitivity of ‘membrane’-associated activity was apparently unaltered by acclimation. ‘Cytosol’ activity in warm-acclimated specimens was somewhat more thermosensitive than that of animals maintained at low temperature. 3. Significant increases in specific activity, and activity per unit volume of packed cells and blood were observed at higher temperatures when assays were conducted at the temperatures at which the system actually functions in the fish. By contrast, when determinations were carried out at a standard temperature (41 °C) corresponding to the upper incipient lethal for this species, activity was either unaffected, or declined as acclimation temperatures increased. 4. Changes in carbonic anhydrase activity following acclimation are consistent with the hypothesis that this system is implicated in the maintenance of stable plasma chloride levels, and the suggestion that alterations in red cell chloride levels with temperature are, in part at least, attributable to concomitant variations in enzyme activity.

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