Isolation and Purification of β-Galactosidase Enzyme From Local Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates to Overcome The Phenomenon of Non-Degradation of Milk Lactose

This study aim is to purify β-galactosidase from a local isolate of yogurt in Salah al-Din Governorate to overcome the phenomenon of lactose in decomposition. The bacteria were grown on MRS medium supplemented with 1%CaCo3. Twenty isolates of lactic acid bacteria were obtained and conducting culture tests and microscopic examinations were on these isolates. In order to classify them to the level of species, it was found that there were four types, namely: Lactobacilluse acidophilus,LactobacilluseCasei,Lactobacilluse delubrici subsp.bulgaricus,Streptococcus thermophilus, The cultivation and activation steps of the different isolates were carried out forobtaining the most productive and active isolate, which is Lactobacilluse acidophiluse. Beta-galactosidase activation processes were carried out for the enzyme and cell breakdown by lysozyme. Purification and sedimentation processes were carried out using ammonium sulfate and membrane sorting, followed by gel filtration using Lactobacillus G-150. The best extraction rate (L.acidophiluse 70%) was achieved by enzyme precipitation (4,375) units/mol, and the activity increased in the membrane sorting step to (5,900) units/mol, and in gel filtration we obtained activity of the enzyme (15.591) units/mol.

Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein

Inflammation is a cell breakdown caused by bacteria, chemical substances, mechanical trauma and physical trauma. Testing of such anti-inflammatory activity can be done in-vitro with the method of protein denaturation using natural materials starfruit leaf (Averrhoa Oxalidaceae L.). This research aims to determine the comparison of the activity of ethanol extract in the strafruit leaf and sodium diclofenac. strafruit Leaf Ethanol extract is made with a concentration of 1 ppm, 10 ppm and 100 ppm with the comparator of sodium diclofenac. Antiinflammatory resistance is obtained by calculating the percentage of inhibition of protein denaturation. The result of a test of strafruit leaf ethanol extract (Averrhoa Oxalidaceae L.) with a value of IC50 of 20.20 μg/mL indicates an inhibitory percentage of more than 20% at the lowest concentration of 1 ppm, while IC50 sodium diclofenac of 14.93 μg/mL with an inhibitory percentage of more than 20% at 5 ppm .

Haemolytic anaemia

Haemolytic anaemias occur when the rate of red-cell breakdown is increased and exceeds the marrow’s capacity to generate new cells. Increased red-cell destruction, or haemolysis, may reflect a broad range of disorders. Some involve intrinsic defects in the red cell itself; in others, the red cells are normal but are subjected to external factors which lead to premature destruction. Many of the intrinsic defects are due to inherited disorders affecting the red-cell membrane, its enzymes, or haemoglobin. The marrow can normally compensate for moderate haemolysis by increasing red-cell production up to tenfold. Only when haemolysis is severe and the red-cell lifespan is reduced to less than about 15 days, or the marrow is unable to compensate, will anaemia occur. This chapter addresses the diagnosis, investigation, and management of haemolytic anaemias, including hereditary spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, haemoglobinopathies, and mechanical and immune haemolytic anaemias.

Iron deficiency

Diagnosis 54Management 55Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, affecting around 5 billion people, most of them from developing countries. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in UK preschool children is ~8%, increasing considerably in inner city children; ~9% of under 5s in the USA are thought to be iron deficient. Depletion of iron stores is followed by the development of anaemia, initially with a normal mean cell volume (MCV). Continuing deficiency leads to impairment of erythropoiesis, with hypochromia and microcytosis apparent on blood film. Iron is essential in haemoglobin for oxygen transport, and is also found in myoglobin, and some enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and cytochromes). Iron from red blood cell breakdown is recycled and excess iron stored as ferritin and haemosiderin....

A nonfibrin macromolecular cofactor for tPA-mediated plasmin generation following cellular injury

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is an extracellular protease that converts plasminogen into plasmin. For tPA to generate plasmin under biologic conditions, a cofactor must first bring tPA and plasminogen into physical proximity. Fibrin provides this cofactor for tPA-mediated plasmin generation in blood. Despite being naturally devoid of fibrin(ogen), tPA-mediated plasmin formation also occurs in the brain. The fibrin-like cofactor(s) that facilitates plasmin formation in the injured brain has remained unknown. Here we show that protein aggregates formed during neuronal injury provide a macromolecular, nonfibrin cofactor that promotes tPA-mediated plasmin formation and subsequent cell breakdown. The binding of plasminogen and tPA to these protein aggregates occurs via distinct mechanisms. Importantly, nonneuronal cell types also exhibit this cofactor effect upon injury, indicating a general phenomenon. This novel cofactor identified in nonviable cells has ramifications for ischemic stroke where tPA is used clinically and where plasmin activity within the injured brain is unwanted. A means of selectively inhibiting the binding of tPA to nonviable cells while preserving its association with fibrin may be of benefit for the treatment of ischemic stroke.