Air breathing in the armoured catfish (Hoplosternum littorale) as an adaptation to hypoxic, acidic, and hydrogen sulphide rich waters

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Brauner ◽  
C. L. Ballantyne ◽  
D. J. Randall ◽  
A. L. Val
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
River System ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic Waters ◽  
Armoured Catfish ◽  
Hoplosternum Littorale

The armoured catfish (Hoplosternum littorale) from the Amazon River system is a facultative air breather that is tolerant to both acidic and hydrogen sulphide rich waters. Facultative air breathing in fishes is known to be an important strategy for surviving hypoxia, but its importance for surviving in acidic and hydrogen sulphide rich waters has not previously been investigated. Air-breathing frequency in H. littorale increased from 2 to 28 breaths/h as the partial pressure of oxygen [Formula: see text] in the water was reduced from 137 to 105 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa). Further reduction in [Formula: see text] to 55 mmHg resulted in a reduction in air-breathing frequency and depression of the metabolic rate. During exposure to acidic water (pH 2.8, [Formula: see text] = 155 mmHg), air-breathing frequency was 28 breaths/h, and during exposure to hydrogen sulphide in water buffered to pH 5.6 (700 μM, [Formula: see text] = 155 mmHg), air-breathing frequency was 40 breaths/h. In fish denied access to air, 200 μM hydrogen sulphide is lethal. Thus, in the armoured catfish, air breathing may be more important for surviving in hydrogen sulphide rich and acidic waters than for surviving in mild hypoxia.

Biomarkers of exposure and effect in the armoured catfish Hoplosternum littorale during a rice production cycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 117356
Author(s):  
Noelia Fantón ◽  
Jimena Cazenave ◽  
Melina P. Michlig ◽  
María R. Repetti ◽  
Andrea Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Production ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Armoured Catfish ◽  
Hoplosternum Littorale

Small-scale field evaluation of geochemical blending of waste rock to mitigate acid rock drainage potential

2021 ◽  
pp. geochem2021-066
Author(s):  
S.J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rock Drainage ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Waste Rock ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Acid Rock ◽  
Acid Generation ◽  
Acidic Waters ◽  
Critical Consideration

Blending of potentially acid generating (PAG) waste rock with non-PAG waste rock to create a rock mixture which performs as non-PAG is a possible approach to permanent prevention of acid rock drainage (ARD) for PAG waste rock. In 2012, a field weathering study using 300 kg samples was implemented at Teck Coal's Quintette Project located in northeastern British Columbia, Canada to test the prevention of acid generation in the PAG waste rock by dissolved carbonate leached from overlying non-PAG waste rock and direct neutralization of acidic water from PAG waste rock by contact with non-PAG waste rock.After eight years of monitoring the experiments, the layered non-PAG on PAG barrels provided proof-of-concept that as the thickness of the PAG layer increases relative to the thickness of the non-PAG layers, acidic waters are more likely to be produced. The PAG on non-PAG layering has resulted in non-acidic water and no indications of metal leaching despite accelerated oxidation in the PAG layer shown by sulphate loadings. The study has demonstrated that the scale of heterogeneity of PAG and non-PAG materials is a critical consideration for providing certainty that rock blends designed to be non-PAG will perform as non-PAG in perpetuity. This is contrary to the standard paradigm in which an excess of acid-consuming minerals is often considered sufficient alone to ensure ARD is not produced.

The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes:: I. Environmental Effects on the Facultative Air Breathing of Ancistrus Chagresi and Hypostomus Plecostomus Loricariidae

1982 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM ◽  
TROY A. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Hypoxia Acclimation

In response to progressive aquatic hypoxia, the armoured loricariid catfishes Ancistrus chagresi and Hypostomus plecostomus become facultative air-breathers and utilize their stomachs as accessory air-breathing organs. Hypostomus initiates air breathing at a higher aquatic O2 tension (Pw, Ow, O2) than does Ancistrus (60 v. 33 mmHg). Once begun, the air-breathing frequencies of both species increase with decreasing Pw, Ow, O2; the frequency of Ancistrus, however, is greater than and increases more with hypoxia than does that of Hypostomus, which appears to be a more efficient air breather. Hypoxia acclimation reduces the air-breathing rate of both species. A larger rate reduction occurs in Ancistrus, which, however, continues to require more frequent breaths than Hypostomus. Hypoxia acclimation does not affect the air-breathing threshold of either species, suggesting that external O2 receptors initiate facultative air breathing. In progressive aquatic hypercapnia Ancistrus has a lower air-breathing CO2 threshold (8.7 mmHg) than Hypostomus (12.8 mmHg). However, in some tests, individual fish of both species did not initiate air breathing even at Pw, COw, CO2 as high as 21 mmHg. Also, air breathing evoked by hypercapnia was short-lived; both species quickly compensated for this gas and resumed exclusively aquatic respiration within a few hours of exposure. Thus, CO2 is not an important regulator of air breathing in these species. Between 25 and 35 °C, the Pw, Ow, O2 air breathing threshold of Ancistrus is temperature-independent, but air-breathing frequency increases with temperature. Ancistrus and Hypostomus do not breathe air in normoxic (air-saturated) water; their air-breathing responses are evoked by environmental hypoxia. This is fundamentally different from other fish species that breathe air in normoxia in order to meet heightened metabolic demands. Also, the facultative air-breathing adaptations of Ancistrus and Hypostomus differ in scope and magnitude from those utilized by species that breathe air in nor-moxia and adapt to hypoxia by increasing air-breathing rate.

THE EFFECTS OF ALTERED AQUATIC AND AERIAL RESPIRATORY GAS CONCENTRATIONS ON AIR-BREATHING PATTERNS IN A PRIMITIVE FISH (AMIA CALVA)

1993 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Hedrick ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Air Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Amia Calva

The mechanisms and physiological control of air-breathing were investigated in an extant halecomorph fish, the bowfin (Amia calva). Air flow during aerial ventilation was recorded by pneumotachography in undisturbed Amia calva at 20–24°C while aquatic and aerial gas concentrations were independently varied. Separation of aquatic and aerial gases was used in an attempt to determine whether Amia calva monitor and respond to changes in the external medium per se or to changes in dissolved gases within the body. Air flow measurements revealed two different types of ventilatory patterns: type I air-breaths were characterized by exhalation followed by inhalation; type II air-breaths, which have not been described previously in Amia calva, consisted of single inhalations with no expiratory phase. Expired volume (Vexp) for type I breaths ranged from 11.6+/−1.1 to 26.7+/− 2.9 ml kg-1 (95 % confidence interval; N=6) under normoxic conditions and was unaffected by changes in aquatic or aerial gases. Gas bladder volume (VB), determined in vitro, was 80 ml kg-1; the percentage of gas exchanged for type I breaths ranged from 14 to 33 % of VB in normoxia. Fish exposed to aquatic and aerial normoxia (PO2=19-21 kPa), or aerial hypercapnia (PCO2=4.9 kPa) in normoxic water, used both breath types with equal frequency. Aquatic or aerial hypoxia (PO2=6-7 kPa) significantly increased air-breathing frequency in four of eight fish and the ventilatory pattern changed to predominantly type I air-breaths (75–92 % of total breaths). When fish were exposed to 100 % O2 in the aerial phase while aquatic normoxia or hypoxia was maintained, air-breathing frequency either increased or did not change. Compared with normoxic controls, however, type II breaths were used almost exclusively (more than 98 % of total breaths). Type I breaths appear to be under feedback control from O2-sensitive chemoreceptors since they were stimulated by aquatic or aerial hypoxia and were nearly abolished by aerial hyperoxia. These results also indicate that Amia calva respond to changes in intravascular PO2; however, externally facing chemoreceptors that stimulate air-breathing in aquatic hypoxia cannot be discounted. Type II air- breaths, which occurred in aerial hyperoxia, despite aquatic hypoxia, appear to be stimulated by reductions of VB, suggesting that type II breaths are controlled by volume-sensitive gas bladder stretch receptors. Type II breaths are likely to have a buoyancy-regulating function.

scholarly journals Peningkatan pH air asam dengan kompos daun ubi kasesa (Manihot sp.) untuk kegiatan akuakultur

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Hani Sintiya ◽  
Eva Prasetiyono ◽  
Endang Bidayani
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Water Ph

ABSTRAKUbi kasesa yang banyak terdapat di Pulau Bangka memiliki daun yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan kompos untuk meningkatkan pH air dalam akuakultur. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas dan menentukan dosis terbaik kompos daun ubi kasesa terhadap kenaikan pH air akuakultur. Metode eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) tunggal dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Dosis kompos daun ubi kasesa yang digunakan adalah 0 g/L (P0), 1,25 g/L (P1), 2,25 g/L (P2), 3,25 g/L (P3). Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata penggunaan kompos daun ubi kasesa terhadap kenaikan pH air. Nilai pH air awal sebesar 3,6 meningkat masing-masing 5,83±0,06, 7,07±0,06, 7,23±0,12, 7,37±0,06 pada P0, P1, P2, dan P3 setelah diberikan kompos daun ubi kasesa. Air yang diberi kompos tersebut selanjutnya digunakan untuk pemeliharaan ikan nila. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis kompos daun ubi kasesa terbaik adalah P3 dengan dosis kompos sebesar 3,25 g/L. Kata kunci: akuakultur;  kompos; pH air; ubi kasesa  ABSTRACTMany kasesa tuber is grown in Bangka where the leaves can be used as raw material for making compost to increase pH in aquaculture. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness and determine the best dose of “kasesa” leaves compost to increase the pH for aquaculture activities.This study used an experimental method with a Single Randomized Complete Design (CRD). The treatments consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications. The doses compost were 0 g/L (P0), 1,25 g/L (P1), 2,25 g/l (P2), 3,25 g/L (P3). The results showed that composting was effective in raising the pH of acidic water. The initial pH of water is 3.6. After being given kasesa leaves compost, the result of pH water for P0, P1, P2, and P3 were 5,83±0,06; 7,07±0,06; 7,23±0,12; 7,37±0,06; respectively. This study showed that the best level of “kasesa” leaves compost was 3.25 g/L. Keywords: aquaculture; compost; kasesa tuber; water pH

Branchial receptors and cardiorespiratory reflexes in a neotropical fish, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sundin ◽  
S.G. Reid ◽  
F.T. Rantin ◽  
W.K. Milsom
Keyword(s):  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Aquatic Surface Respiration ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Control ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Ventral Aorta

This study examined the location and physiological roles of branchial chemoreceptors involved in the cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia in a neotropical fish that exhibits aquatic surface respiration, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Fish were exposed to abrupt progressive environmental hypoxia (18. 6–1.3 kPa water P(O2)) and hypercarbia (water equilibrated with 5 % CO(2) in air, which lowered the water pH from 7.0 to 5.0). They were also subjected to injections of NaCN into the ventral aorta (to stimulate receptors monitoring the blood) and buccal cavity (to stimulate receptors monitoring the respiratory water). All tests were performed before and after selective denervation of branchial branches of cranial nerves IX and X to the gill arches. The data suggest that the O(2) receptors eliciting reflex bradycardia and increases in breathing frequency are situated on all gill arches and sense changes in both the blood and respiratory water and that the O(2) receptors triggering the elevation in systemic vascular resistance, breathing amplitude, swelling of the inferior lip and that induce aquatic surface respiration during hypoxia are extrabranchial, although branchial receptors also contribute to the latter two responses. Hypercarbia also produced bradycardia and increases in breathing frequency, as well as hypertension, and, while the data suggest that there may be receptors uniquely sensitive to changes in CO(2)/pH involved in cardiorespiratory control, this is based on quantitative rather than qualitative differences in receptor responses. These data reveal yet another novel combination for the distribution of cardiorespiratory chemoreceptors in fish from which teleologically satisfying trends have yet to emerge.

Short-term effects of food availability on air-breathing frequency in the fish Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1964-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Kramer ◽  
E. Anne Braun
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Tension ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Before And After

To examine the hypothesis that breathing patterns in fish capable of bimodal respiration can be modified by ecological factors that alter the relative costs of air and water breathing, we determined the air-breathing frequency and activity of a group of Corydoras aeneus before and after presentation of small amounts of food. In nature a reduction in air breathing while feeding on small, patchy resources should reduce loss of food to competitors and lower the risk of failing to relocalize the food source. Activity always increased after food presentation, but the change in air breathing depended on dissolved oxygen tension. Air breathing decreased after food presentation at 116 and 72 torr (1 torr = 133.322 Pa), stayed the same at 44 torr, and increased at 24 torr. This suggests that although oxygen demand increases during feeding, air breathing is decreased when the ambient conditions permit a compensatory increase in the uptake of dissolved oxygen.

The respiratory behaviour of an air-breathing catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Clariidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bevan ◽  
Donald L. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Clarias Macrocephalus ◽  
Do So

Clarias macrocephalus are continuous, facultative air breathers. Individuals (7.6–20.9 g) survived more than 25 days in normoxic water without surface access. Buoyancy decreased and water-breathing frequency increased when surface access was denied, but growth rate and the frequency of air-breathing attempts did not change. We examined air-breathing and water-breathing frequency in shallow (60 cm) and deep (235 cm) water under normoxic (8.0 mg O2∙L−1) and hypoxic (0.3, 0.7, 1.2, and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1) conditions to examine how changes in the travel costs of breathing affected the use of each respiratory mode. Air-breathing and water-breathing frequency increased as dissolved oxygen decreased from 8.0 to 2.0 mg O2∙L−1. Below this level air breathing continued to increase, but water breathing dropped sharply. At higher levels of dissolved oxygen (8.0 and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1), fish in deep water had lower air-breathing and higher water-breathing frequencies than fish in shallow water. Vertical distance travelled and time spent in air breathing increased with increasing depth and with decreasing level of dissolved oxygen. These results support the hypotheses that travel is a significant cost of aerial respiration and that fish respond to increases in this cost by decreasing their use of atmospheric oxygen when dissolved oxygen concentration permits them to do so.

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