Endogenous glycoconjugates are not associated with filter feeding in mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Histochemical techniques were used to determine the origin and possible function of glycoconjugates in the head of larval mosquitoes. Late instars of Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes implicatus Vockeroth, Culex territans Walker, and Anopheles earlei Vargas were stained with Alcian Blue at pH 0.5, 2.5, and 3.2, aldehyde fuchsin, and periodic acid – Schiff's reagent. Lectins derived from Triticum vulgaris, Bandeiraea simplicifolia, Sophora japonica, Pisum sativum (PSA), and Ulex europaeus were used to determine the composition of the glycoconjugates present in the head of A. aegypti. Additionally, larvae were fed inert Dayglo® particles and stained as above to determine the origin of glycoconjugates observed in the gut. Examination showed that carboxylated and weakly and strongly sulphated glycoconjugates are secreted from what are described here as dorsal and ventral cephalic glands. With the exception of PSA, none of the lectins bound to the glands or their secretion product. Globular and elongate cells in the ventral cephalic gland bound PSA, indicating the presence of α-D-mannose. The secretion product is not used to enhance food capture or handling. Instead, it is hypothesized that these glycoconjugates aid in formation of mouthpart structures or facilitate ecdysis.

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Larval black fly feeding (Diptera: Simuliidae): use of endogenous glycoconjugates

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z95-072 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 615-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kenneth M. Fry ◽

Douglas A. Craig

Keyword(s):

Alcian Blue ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Gut Contents ◽

Black Flies ◽

Head Region ◽

Simulium Vittatum ◽

Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽

Late Instar ◽

Secretion Product ◽

Exogenous Origin

Histochemical techniques were used to determine the origin and possible function of glycoconjugates in the head region of larval black flies. Late-instar larvae of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt and Gymnopais dichopticoides Wood were stained with Alcian blue at pH 0.5, 2.5, and 3.2, aldehyde fuchsin, and periodic acid – Schiff's reagent to determine the chemical affinities of the glycoconjugates. Additionally, larvae were fed inert Dayglo® particles and then sectioned and stained as above to determine the origin of glycoconjugates observed in the gut contents and on the labral fan rays. Examination showed that carboxylated and weakly sulphated glycoconjugates are secreted from what are redescribed here as dorsal and ventral cephalic glands. These glands are associated with the labral, mandibular, hypostomal, and maxillary epidermis. The secretion product is not used to enhance food capture or handling. Instead, it is hypothesized that these glycoconjugates aid in formation of mouthpart structures during the pharate stages, or facilitate ecdysis. Glycoconjugates, previously observed in the gut and on the surface of the mouthparts, must be of exogenous origin.

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THE EFFECT OF DIGESTION WITH STREPTOMYCES HYALURONIDASE UPON CERTAIN HISTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYALURONIC ACID-CONTAINING TISSUES

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/21.9.794 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 794-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

KAZUYORI YAMADA

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Alcian Blue ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Colloidal Iron ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

High Iron ◽

Azure A ◽

Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽

Testicular Hyaluronidase

The effect of digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase upon certain histochemical reactions of hyaluronic acid-containing tissues has been studied in a series of human, mammalian and avian specimens. These histochemical reactions are those for the demonstration of neutral and sulfated and nonsulfated acid mucosaccharides such as periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian Blue (pH 1.0), azure A (pH 1.5), high iron diamine, aldehyde fuchsin, Alcian Blue (pH 2.5), Alcian Blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff, azure A (pH 4.5), low iron diamine and colloidal iron. In addition, the effect of digestion with testicular hyaluronidase upon the same reactions of the same tissues was observed for comparison. Digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase diminishes the staining reactions due to hyaluronic acid but fails to affect those for neutral and sulfated acid mucosaccharides. These results indicate that digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase is a method of choice for the identification of hyaluronic acid in mucosaccharide histochemistry.

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HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/14.2.159 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 159-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

A. REES MIDGLEY

Keyword(s):

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Alcian Blue ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Histochemical Staining ◽

Performic Acid ◽

Pars Tuberalis ◽

Human Pituitary ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Human Pituitary Gland ◽

Aldehyde Fuchsin

Luteinizing hormone (LH) was localized immunohistochemically to cells in the pars anterior and pars tuberalis of the human pituitary gland. Upon restaining with a variety of histochemical procedures, LH-containing cells were found to be aldehyde fuchsin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive; however, the intensity of histochemical staining failed to correlate with that of fluorescence. Only a few of the PAS- or aldehyde fuchsin-positive cells contained LH. In contrast to the above, with the performic acid-alcian blue-PAS-organge G sequence of Adams, all cells containing LH were turquoise colored, alcian blue-positive (S1 mucoid cells) and vice versa. This study was performed with antiserum specific for human chorionic gonadotropin which was shown to cross react in immunodiffusion analysis with purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone and to be capable of neutralizing its biological activity.

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The oxidative generation of sulfonic acid groups in neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/32.3.6198360 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 329-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H Barden

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Potassium Permanganate ◽

Alcian Blue ◽

Sulfonic Acid ◽

Inferior Olive ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽

Sulfonic Acid Groups

Sulfonic acid groups were oxidatively generated in the soluble lipid-free lipofuscin component of neuromelanin of human substantia nigra and in lipofuscin of human inferior olive. Exposure of these oxidized, intraneuronal pigments to low pH Alcian blue or aldehyde fuchsin demonstrated an intensity of staining that related to the type of oxidant and the conditions of its use. Utilization of the following oxidants generated increasingly strong staining reactions as signified by the following sequence; periodic acid under mild conditions, bromine in carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid under drastic conditions, potassium permanganate followed by oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide followed by bromine in carbon tetrachloride, potassium permanganate followed by metabisulfite or bisulfite, and performic acid. Neither Alcian blue nor aldehyde fuchsin revealed oxidatively generated aldehyde as judged by 1) their failure or near failure to stain inferior olive lipofuscin following mildly applied periodic acid, and 2) the increase in staining intensity, from moderate to strong, displayed by the soluble lipid-free lipofuscin component of neuromelanin and by inferior olive lipofuscin when potassium permanganate was followed by a rinse with metabisulfite or bisulfite in place of one with oxalic acid.

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CORRELATED HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING AND S35O4= LABELING OF SALIVARY GLAND MUCOSUBSTANCES

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/15.12.745 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 745-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

T. JOHN LEPPI ◽

SAMUEL S. SPICER ◽

JACQUELINE G. HENSON ◽

JOSEPHINE FIORAVANTI

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Salivary Glands ◽

Alcian Blue ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Histochemical Staining ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

High Iron ◽

Aldehyde Fuchsin

Correlated histochemical and autoradiographic studies were conducted on rat, rabbit, cat and dog salivary glands. Mucous acini of rat minor sublingual (SL) rabbit SL and cat posterior SL and submandibular (SM) glands were stained by Alcian Blue at pH 1.0, aldehyde fuchsin or the high iron diamine technique. The distribution of cells with this type of basophilia corresponded with that of cells shown autoradiographically to incorporate S35O4= and accordingly to contain sulfomucin. The lack of periodic acid-Schiff and alcohol-resistant metachromasia at pH 0.5 of rabbit SL mucin resembles connective tissue mucopolysaccharide. Some mucous acini of the dog posterior SL gland incorporate S35-sulfate and the distribution of isotope-labeled acini correlates with that of acini showing histochemical staining indicative of sulfomucin. The remainder of mucous acini in this gland do not show uptake of radiosulfate, but have alcianophilia that is reduced by sialidase digestion. All of the mucous acini of dog SM gland show correspondence of staining for sulfomucin with S35O4–, incorporation. The seromucous demilunes of this gland manifest sialidase-labile alcianophilia. The staining of sulfomucin and S35 labeling in each of the salivary glands studied are eliminated by a 4-hr methylation at 60°C.

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DISTRIBUTION OF MUCOSUBSTANCES IN THE DEVELOPING RAT HEART

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/20.11.896 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 20 (11) ◽

pp. 896-907 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

ROGER R. MARKWALD ◽

WILLIAM N. ADAMS SMITH

Keyword(s):

Electrolyte Concentration ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Frozen Sections ◽

Concentrated Solutions ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Rat Hearts ◽

Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽

Developing Rat ◽

Fibroblastic Cells

Mucosubstances (MS) were examined in 10½-14½-day embryonic rat hearts utilizing nonaqueous fixatives or formaldehyde vapor-fixed frozen sections hydrated in concentrated solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride. Ribonuclease-resistant, polyanionic sites were limited to the extracellular cardiac jelly, endocardium and fibroblastic cells (cushion tissue) associated with the endocardium. The cardiac jelly and endocardium of day 10½ embryos principally contained a hyaluronic acid-like carboxylated mucosubstance whose alcianophilia at pH 2.5 was abolished by hyaluronidase but was resistant to NaOH extraction and neuraminidase and trypsin digestion. A critical electrolyte concentration of 0.2 M MgCl2 abolished alcianophilia. On days 13½-14½ carboxylated MS were restricted to cushion tissue and partially resisted mild methylation. Sulfated MS were limited to primitive endocardial cells which gave origin to cushion tissue. Dye deposits of aldehyde fuchsin, high iron diamine or Alcian Blue (pH 1.0) were localized on cell surfaces and such staining was prevented by strong (60°C) methylation. Hyaluronidase sensitivity of sulfated MS decreased with gestation. The critical electrolyte concentration varied from 0.5-0.7 M MgCl2 on days 11½-12½ to 0.8-0.9 M MgCl2 after day 12½. The sulfated MS of endocardial cells were preceded by a transitory accumulation of diastase-resistant, periodic acid-Schiff-positive material. Possible roles of MS in normal and abnormal cardiac septation processes are discussed.

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Histologic and Histochemical Characterization of Seminal Vesicle Intraluminal Secretions

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/2001-125-0141-hahcos ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 125 (1) ◽

pp. 141-145

Author(s):

Rajal B. Shah ◽

Min W. Lee ◽

Alvaro A. Giraldo ◽

Mahul B. Amin

Keyword(s):

Seminal Vesicle ◽

Alcian Blue ◽

Prostate Carcinoma ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Prostate Gland ◽

Seminal Vesicles ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Associated Malignancy ◽

Distinguishing Features

Abstract Context.—We have observed intraluminal crystalloid morphology in seminal vesicles that is superficially similar to that seen in prostate neoplasia, but found little information on such morphology in the literature. Design.—Two hundred fifty-three prostate specimens (163 needle biopsies, 75 radical prostatectomies with prostate carcinoma, 11 prostates from autopsy, and 4 cystoprostatectomies without prostate carcinoma) were examined for seminal vesicle secretions, which were categorized as (a) dense platelike inspissated, (b) fluidlike, (c) crystalloid morphology, and (d) absent. Histochemical stains (periodic acid–Schiff with and without diastase, Alcian blue at pH 2.5, and mucicarmine) were performed to characterize the nature of secretions. Results.—Proteinaceous secretions were identified in 82% of seminal vesicles examined. Of these, 61% had predominantly dense, platelike, inspissated secretions, 15% had predominantly fluidlike secretions, and 24% had predominantly crystalloid morphology. Although in some cases the crystalloid morphology resembled that of prostatic intraluminal crystalloids, the seminal vesicle crystalloids differed in that they were invariably multiple, had curved edges, and had varied forms (elliptical, cylindrical, rodlike, and rectangular). Seventy-one percent of seminal vesicle crystalloids were associated with dense, platelike, inspissated secretions and appeared to be created by fracturing within platelike secretions. There was no relationship between seminal vesicle crystalloid morphology and associated malignancy in the prostate gland, as it was seen in 24% of cases with prostate carcinoma and 25% of cases without prostate carcinoma (P = 1.0000). Fluidlike secretions were positive for Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and mucicarmine, whereas dense platelike secretions and crystalloid morphology were negative for Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and mucicarmine. Conclusions.—Seminal vesicle secretions are fairly common and, when fluidlike, are composed of acid mucopolysaccharides. Inspissation of secretions appears to be associated with loss of acidity, presumably resulting in dense platelike secretions and crystallization. Awareness of both the crystalloid morphology in seminal vesicle tissue and the distinguishing features from prostatic crystalloids may be important while interpreting prostate needle biopsies in which seminal vesicle epithelium may be confused for prostate carcinoma because of a small acinar morphology with accompanying cytologic atypia and crystalloid morphology.

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Thyroid Follicular Hyperplasia Associated With Massive Extracellular Mucin Deposition

International Journal of Surgical Pathology ◽

10.1177/1066896917696747 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 533-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francesco Nesa ◽

Luca Poggi ◽

Stefano Ferrero ◽

Alessandro Del Gobbo

Keyword(s):

Alcian Blue ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

The Other ◽

Blue Staining ◽

Alcian Blue Staining ◽

Thyroid Tumors ◽

Stromal Compartment ◽

Follicular Hyperplasia ◽

Nodular Hyperplasia ◽

Thyroid Parenchyma

Extensive extracellular mucin deposition is a rare pathological thyroid condition with 6 cases described in literature so far. We report another case of a 67-year-old woman, discussing histopathological features, and review the literature. Our findings showed a diffuse mucin deposition in the stromal compartment of thyroid parenchyma. Histochemical stainings showed positivity for Alcian blue staining, but not for periodic acid–Shiff staining. Our case is peculiar because this mucin deposition was associated with benign nodular hyperplasia, in contrast with the other 6 reports, which described the same stromal alterations associated with benign or malignant thyroid tumors.

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Effects of two formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis on Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions

Pesticidi i fitomedicina ◽

10.2298/pif0804251p ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 251-258

Author(s):

Milenka Peric ◽

Mirjana Prijovic ◽

Goran Andric

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Aqueous Suspension ◽

Pure Water ◽

Clay Content ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Water Dispersible ◽

Bacillus Thuringiensis Subsp ◽

Zero Time

Toxicity and persistence of two formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis applied to Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were tested under laborabory conditions. The formulations were: a) water dispersible granules (product VectoBac WDG), and b) aqueous suspension (product VectoBac 12AS). The effects of both products on mosquito larvae were tested immediately after their dilution in pure water (zero time) and in 1-, 2-, 8- and 13-day old solutions. The two products were also tested in mixtures of water and clay at a rate of 0.5 g clay/150 ml water immediately after product dilution, and in one-day old solutions containing 0.1 and 0.05 g of clay in the same amount of water. The product VectoBac WDG was persistent and highly effective against Ae. aegypti larvae in pure water after the longest experimental period of 13 days, and significantly more effective than VectoBac 12AS at equal rates of application. The effectiveness of VectoBac 12AS weakened significantly after 8 and 13 days of treatment, compared to the effects at zero time and in 1- and 2-day old solutions. High clay content in water significantly reduced the larvicidal effectiveness of both products, indicating its possible compromising role during product application in practice.

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