scholarly journals The oxidative generation of sulfonic acid groups in neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Barden
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Sulfonic Acid Groups

Sulfonic acid groups were oxidatively generated in the soluble lipid-free lipofuscin component of neuromelanin of human substantia nigra and in lipofuscin of human inferior olive. Exposure of these oxidized, intraneuronal pigments to low pH Alcian blue or aldehyde fuchsin demonstrated an intensity of staining that related to the type of oxidant and the conditions of its use. Utilization of the following oxidants generated increasingly strong staining reactions as signified by the following sequence; periodic acid under mild conditions, bromine in carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid under drastic conditions, potassium permanganate followed by oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide followed by bromine in carbon tetrachloride, potassium permanganate followed by metabisulfite or bisulfite, and performic acid. Neither Alcian blue nor aldehyde fuchsin revealed oxidatively generated aldehyde as judged by 1) their failure or near failure to stain inferior olive lipofuscin following mildly applied periodic acid, and 2) the increase in staining intensity, from moderate to strong, displayed by the soluble lipid-free lipofuscin component of neuromelanin and by inferior olive lipofuscin when potassium permanganate was followed by a rinse with metabisulfite or bisulfite in place of one with oxalic acid.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF DIGESTION WITH STREPTOMYCES HYALURONIDASE UPON CERTAIN HISTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYALURONIC ACID-CONTAINING TISSUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 794-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZUYORI YAMADA
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
High Iron ◽  
Azure A ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Testicular Hyaluronidase

The effect of digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase upon certain histochemical reactions of hyaluronic acid-containing tissues has been studied in a series of human, mammalian and avian specimens. These histochemical reactions are those for the demonstration of neutral and sulfated and nonsulfated acid mucosaccharides such as periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian Blue (pH 1.0), azure A (pH 1.5), high iron diamine, aldehyde fuchsin, Alcian Blue (pH 2.5), Alcian Blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff, azure A (pH 4.5), low iron diamine and colloidal iron. In addition, the effect of digestion with testicular hyaluronidase upon the same reactions of the same tissues was observed for comparison. Digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase diminishes the staining reactions due to hyaluronic acid but fails to affect those for neutral and sulfated acid mucosaccharides. These results indicate that digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase is a method of choice for the identification of hyaluronic acid in mucosaccharide histochemistry.

The Oxidation of Rubber by Hydrogen Peroxide

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-359
Author(s):  
B. Kagan ◽  
N. Sukhareva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Addition Product ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Small Admixture

Abstract It was noticed long ago that rubber changes during storage, and that it loses its valuable qualities. Many authors have tried to explain this phenomenon as a union of oxygen with rubber molecules. The most interesting work on this subject was the early work of Herbst (Ber., 39, 523 (1906)). Herbst blew air for 140 hours through benzene solutions of rubber and obtained two products, C10H16O3, as a main product, and C10H16O, as a very small admixture. Later Peachey and Leon (J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 31, 1103 (1912); 37, 55 (1918)) subjected rubber films to the action of oxygen and found that for each group of C10H16, four atoms of oxygen were added and one atom of carbon was liberated. These workers succeeded in separating several compounds with different degrees of oxidation, viz., C10H16O; C10H16O 4; C6H9O 2. Herbst thought that he had obtained an addition product of oxygen and rubber hydrocarbon, but Peachey considered that the compounds were the result of a splitting and depolymerization of the rubber molecules. Boswell (India-Rubber J., 54, 981, 987 (1922)) and his students investigated the phenomenon of oxidation of rubber and obtained different oxidation products for each oxidizing agent. A solution of rubber in carbon tetrachloride oxidized by means of potassium permanganate in the absence of air (in carbon dioxide) gave a product of the formula, C25H40O, which in turn was readily oxidized in air to C30H48O2. Using 3% hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent, Boswell obtained a product with the formula, C30H48O, which in turn was easily oxidized to C25H40O2.

scholarly journals HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. REES MIDGLEY
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Pars Tuberalis ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin

Luteinizing hormone (LH) was localized immunohistochemically to cells in the pars anterior and pars tuberalis of the human pituitary gland. Upon restaining with a variety of histochemical procedures, LH-containing cells were found to be aldehyde fuchsin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive; however, the intensity of histochemical staining failed to correlate with that of fluorescence. Only a few of the PAS- or aldehyde fuchsin-positive cells contained LH. In contrast to the above, with the performic acid-alcian blue-PAS-organge G sequence of Adams, all cells containing LH were turquoise colored, alcian blue-positive (S1 mucoid cells) and vice versa. This study was performed with antiserum specific for human chorionic gonadotropin which was shown to cross react in immunodiffusion analysis with purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone and to be capable of neutralizing its biological activity.

Endogenous glycoconjugates are not associated with filter feeding in mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Sophora Japonica ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Cephalic Gland ◽  
Secretion Product

Histochemical techniques were used to determine the origin and possible function of glycoconjugates in the head of larval mosquitoes. Late instars of Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes implicatus Vockeroth, Culex territans Walker, and Anopheles earlei Vargas were stained with Alcian Blue at pH 0.5, 2.5, and 3.2, aldehyde fuchsin, and periodic acid – Schiff's reagent. Lectins derived from Triticum vulgaris, Bandeiraea simplicifolia, Sophora japonica, Pisum sativum (PSA), and Ulex europaeus were used to determine the composition of the glycoconjugates present in the head of A. aegypti. Additionally, larvae were fed inert Dayglo® particles and stained as above to determine the origin of glycoconjugates observed in the gut. Examination showed that carboxylated and weakly and strongly sulphated glycoconjugates are secreted from what are described here as dorsal and ventral cephalic glands. With the exception of PSA, none of the lectins bound to the glands or their secretion product. Globular and elongate cells in the ventral cephalic gland bound PSA, indicating the presence of α-D-mannose. The secretion product is not used to enhance food capture or handling. Instead, it is hypothesized that these glycoconjugates aid in formation of mouthpart structures or facilitate ecdysis.

scholarly journals The presence of ethylenic bonds and vic-glycol groups in neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 849-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Barden
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Periodic Acid Oxidation ◽  
Schiff Reaction ◽  
Subsequent Staining

Through use of oxidation and blockading reactions, chemical group precursors of aldehyde demonstrable with Schiff reaction staining were identified in the soluble lipid-free lipofuscin component of neuromelanin of human substantia nigra and in lipofuscin of human inferior olive. Aldehyde generation was implied by moderate staining after bleaching neuromelanin and oxidizing lipofuscin with potassium permanganate followed by oxalic acid. Confirmation of aldehyde generation was achieved when diminished staining followed a sulfite addition blockade obtained by replacing oxalic acid with metabisulfite or bisulfite as well as by condensation blockades obtained with phenylhydrazine or aniline without replacing oxalic acid. Vic-glycol precursors of aldehyde were demonstrated in both pigments when acetylation or bromination preceded permanganate-oxalic acid and staining was unequivocally diminished only after acetylation. Vic-glycols were also demonstrated in lipofuscin by diminished staining when acetylation preceded periodic acid oxidation. Ethylenic precursors of aldehyde were suggested in performic acid-bleached neuromelanin when the minimal staining that followed this peracid's generation of Schiff reaction-negative dihydroxy groups became greatly intensified following an additional oxidation with periodic acid. This additional oxidation converted the dihydroxys to Schiff reaction-positive aldehyde. Ethylenes in lipofuscin were indicated when bromination before performic acid reduced subsequent staining.

Larval black fly feeding (Diptera: Simuliidae): use of endogenous glycoconjugates

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Fry ◽  
Douglas A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Secretion Product ◽  
Exogenous Origin

Histochemical techniques were used to determine the origin and possible function of glycoconjugates in the head region of larval black flies. Late-instar larvae of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt and Gymnopais dichopticoides Wood were stained with Alcian blue at pH 0.5, 2.5, and 3.2, aldehyde fuchsin, and periodic acid – Schiff's reagent to determine the chemical affinities of the glycoconjugates. Additionally, larvae were fed inert Dayglo® particles and then sectioned and stained as above to determine the origin of glycoconjugates observed in the gut contents and on the labral fan rays. Examination showed that carboxylated and weakly sulphated glycoconjugates are secreted from what are redescribed here as dorsal and ventral cephalic glands. These glands are associated with the labral, mandibular, hypostomal, and maxillary epidermis. The secretion product is not used to enhance food capture or handling. Instead, it is hypothesized that these glycoconjugates aid in formation of mouthpart structures during the pharate stages, or facilitate ecdysis. Glycoconjugates, previously observed in the gut and on the surface of the mouthparts, must be of exogenous origin.

scholarly journals CORRELATED HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING AND S35O4= LABELING OF SALIVARY GLAND MUCOSUBSTANCES

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. JOHN LEPPI ◽  
SAMUEL S. SPICER ◽  
JACQUELINE G. HENSON ◽  
JOSEPHINE FIORAVANTI
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
High Iron ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin

Correlated histochemical and autoradiographic studies were conducted on rat, rabbit, cat and dog salivary glands. Mucous acini of rat minor sublingual (SL) rabbit SL and cat posterior SL and submandibular (SM) glands were stained by Alcian Blue at pH 1.0, aldehyde fuchsin or the high iron diamine technique. The distribution of cells with this type of basophilia corresponded with that of cells shown autoradiographically to incorporate S35O4= and accordingly to contain sulfomucin. The lack of periodic acid-Schiff and alcohol-resistant metachromasia at pH 0.5 of rabbit SL mucin resembles connective tissue mucopolysaccharide. Some mucous acini of the dog posterior SL gland incorporate S35-sulfate and the distribution of isotope-labeled acini correlates with that of acini showing histochemical staining indicative of sulfomucin. The remainder of mucous acini in this gland do not show uptake of radiosulfate, but have alcianophilia that is reduced by sialidase digestion. All of the mucous acini of dog SM gland show correspondence of staining for sulfomucin with S35O4–, incorporation. The seromucous demilunes of this gland manifest sialidase-labile alcianophilia. The staining of sulfomucin and S35 labeling in each of the salivary glands studied are eliminated by a 4-hr methylation at 60°C.

scholarly journals Omnipresent distribution of herbicides and their transformation products in all water body types of an agricultural landscape in the North German Lowland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uta Ulrich ◽  
Matthias Pfannerstill ◽  
Guido Ostendorp ◽  
Nicola Fohrer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rainfall Events

AbstractThe research of the environmental fate of pesticides has demonstrated that applied compounds are altered in their molecular structure over time and are distributed within the environment. To assess the risk for contamination by transformation products (TP) of the herbicides flufenacet and metazachlor, the following four water body types were sampled in a small-scale catchment of 50 km2 in 2015/2016: tile drainage water, stream water, shallow groundwater, and drinking water of private wells. The TP were omnipresent in every type of water body, more frequently and in concentrations up to 10 times higher than their parent compounds. Especially metazachlor sulfonic acid, metazachlor oxalic acid, and flufenacet oxalic acid were detected in almost every drainage and stream sample. The transformation process leads to more mobile and more persistent molecules resulting in higher detection frequencies and concentrations, which can even occur a year or more after the application of the parent compound. The vulnerability of shallow groundwater and private drinking water wells to leaching compounds is proved by numerous positives of metazachlor-TP with maximum concentrations of 0.7 μg L−1 (drinking water) and 20 μg L−1 (shallow groundwater) of metazachlor sulfonic acid. Rainfall events during the application period cause high discharge of the parent compound and lower release of TP. Later rainfall events lead to high displacement of TP. For an integrated risk assessment of water bodies, the environmental behavior of pesticide-TP has to be included into regular state-of-the-art water quality monitoring.

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