COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN MOVING VISUAL STIMULI AND HUMAN EYE MOVEMENT

Fractals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950024 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEDIEH ALIPOUR ◽  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
HAMED AZARNOUSH ◽  
SAJAD JAFARI
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

Investigating human eye movement is one of the major research topics in vision science. It is known that human eye movement is related to external stimuli. In this way, the analysis of human eye movement due to different types of external stimuli is very important in vision science. Beside all reported analysis, no one has discovered any relation between the complex structure of moving visual stimuli and the complex structure of human eye movement. This study reveals the relationship between the complexity of human eye movement signal and the applied visual stimuli. For this purpose, we employ fractal theory. We demonstrated that the fractal dynamics of human eye movement in both horizontal and vertical directions shifts toward the fractal dynamics of moving visual target as stimulus. The capability observed in this research opens new doors to scientists to study the relation between the human eye movement and the applied stimuli.

Complexity-Based Analysis of the Relation Between Fractal Visual Stimuli and Fractal Eye Movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedieh Alipour ◽  
Farzad Towhidkhah ◽  
Sajad Jafari ◽  
Avinash Menon ◽  
Hamidreza Namazi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
External Stimuli

Human eye movement is a key concept in the field of vision science. It has already been established that human eye movement responds to external stimuli. Hence, investigating the reaction of the human eye movement to various types of external stimuli is important in this field. There have been many researches on human eye movement that were previously done, but this is the first study to show a relation between the complex structure of human eye movement and the complex structure of static visual stimulus. Fractal theory was implemented and we showed that the fractal dynamics of the human eye movement is related to the fractal structure of visual target as stimulus. The outcome of this research provides new platforms to scientists to further investigate on the relation between eye movement and other applied stimuli.

COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL STIMULUS COLOR ON HUMAN EYE MOVEMENT

Fractals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950002 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEDIEH ALIPOUR ◽  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
HAMED AZARNOUSH ◽  
SAJAD JAFARI
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Lower Complexity ◽  
First Time

Analysis of eye movement due to different visual stimuli always has been one of the major research areas in vision science. An important category of works belongs to decoding of eye movement due to variations of color of visual stimuli. In this research, for the first time, we employ fractal analysis in order to investigate the variations of complex structure of eye movement time series in response to variations of color of visual stimuli. For this purpose, we applied two different images in three different colors (red, green, blue) to subjects. The result of our analysis showed that eye movement has the greatest complexity in case of green visual stimulus. On the other hand, the lowest complexity of eye movement was observed in case of red stimulus. In addition, the results showed that except for red visual stimulus, applying the visual stimulus with greater complexity causes the lower complexity in eye movements. The employed methodology in this research can be further applied to analyze the influence of other variations of visual stimuli on human eye movement.

FRACTAL-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR TONALITY ON HUMAN EYE MOVEMENTS

Fractals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950040 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEDIEH ALIPOUR ◽  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
HAMED AZARNOUSH ◽  
SAJAD JAFARI
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Human Eye Movements ◽  
Different Color

An important category of studies in vision science is related to the analysis of the influence of environmental changes on human eye movement. In this way, scientists analyze human eye movement in different conditions using different methods. An important category of works is devoted to the decoding of eye reaction to color tonality. In this research for the first time, we examined the application of fractal theory for decoding of eye reaction to variations in color intensity of visual stimuli. Three green visual stimuli with different color intensities have been applied to subjects and accordingly the fractal dimension of their eye movements has been analyzed. We also tested the eye movement in non-stimulation condition (rest). Based on the obtained results, increasing the color intensity of visual stimuli caused a lower complexity in subject’s eye movement. We also observed that eye movement is less complex in case of non-stimulation compared to different stimulation conditions. The application of fractal theory in analysis of eye movement can be extended to analyze the effect of other stimulation conditions on eye movement to investigate about the decoding behavior of human eye, which is very important in vision science.

Decoding of the Relationship between Brain and Facial Muscle Activities in Response to Dynamic Visual Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 2050041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirra Soundirarajan ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Babini ◽  
Sue Sim ◽  
Visvamba Nathan ◽  
Hamidreza Namazi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Facial Muscles ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

In this research, for the first time, we analyze the relationship between facial muscles and brain activities when human receives different dynamic visual stimuli. We present different moving visual stimuli to the subjects and accordingly analyze the complex structure of electromyography (EMG) signal versus the complex structure of electroencephalography (EEG) signal using fractal theory. Based on the obtained results from analysis, presenting the stimulus with greater complexity causes greater change in the complexity of EMG and EEG signals. Statistical analysis also supported the results of analysis and showed that visual stimulus with greater complexity has greater effect on the complexity of EEG and EMG signals. Therefore, we showed the relationship between facial muscles and brain activities in this paper. The method of analysis in this research can be further employed to investigate the relationship between other human organs’ activities and brain activity.

Information-Based Analysis of the Relation Between Visual Stimuli and Human Eye Movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Namazi ◽  
Asieh Daneshi ◽  
Touraj Shirzadian ◽  
Hamed Azarnoush ◽  
Sajad Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Shannon Entropy ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Human Eye Movements ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
First Time

Analysis of the influence of external stimuli on human eye movements is an important challenge in vision research. In this paper, we investigate the influence of applied visual stimuli on variations of eye movements. For this purpose, we employ information theory, which provides us with tools such as Shannon entropy as the indicator of information content of process. This study for the first time reveals the relation between the information content of eye movements and the information content of visual stimuli. Based on the performed analysis, the information content of eye movements time series shifts toward the information content of applied visual stimuli, where the greater variation in Shannon entropy of visual stimuli causes the greater variation in the Shannon entropy of eye movements time series. The observed behavior is explained through nervous system. As a rehabilitation purpose, the employed methodology in this research can be investigated in case of patients with vision problems, with the aim of improving patients’ vision.

scholarly journals Aspects of the relationship between the processing of stimuli in the peripheral perceptual field and in the perceptual central field

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Mihai Aniței ◽  
Cornel Laurențiu Mincu ◽  
Mihaela Chraif
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Central Field ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Perceptual Field ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

As humans have limited information processing abilities and rely on three fallible mental functions: perception, attention and memory, the driving error is easy to appear. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the male/female differences in processing the perceptive information from the external stimuli in the peripheral visual field and to demonstrate that the mean of the estimate errors in evaluating the speed and distances in the central visual perceptual field is in inverse ratio to the reaction time value at the visual stimuli from the peripheral driving tasks simulation. Between the variables number of wrong reactions and number of omissions there has been obtained a relatively high negative correlation (r=-0.728, p<0.001). The result has a strong implication in visual stimuli processing during driving tasks.

scholarly journals Effects of Point of Aim on the Accuracy and Eye Movement Behavior in Bowling: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Jongil Lim ◽  
Seung Ho Chang ◽  
Adriane Cris Tomimbang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Fixations

Background: A common research question in far-target aiming has been the importance and significance of the final visual fixation before movement initiation. In rolling tasks, such as 10-pin bowling, location of point of aim needs not be at the final target, the pins, but may be located at any point along the trajectory of the ball. Objective: Specific interest in the present experiment has focused on the relationship between visual point of aim and performance accuracy, and the relationship of visual control strategies utilized by expert performers. Methods: Skilled bowlers (N=7) performed 20 trials per condition concentrating on visual targets in different distances along the bowling lane (20, 40, 60 feet, and self-selected). Ball trajectory was tracked using a video based system and eye movement was measured using an eye tracking system. Results: Deviation of the ball from the visual target increased with visual target distance, while deviation of the ball from the pins was the lowest in the self-selected visual targets, followed by aiming at the pins. The final fixation duration before movement initiation was not associated with ball accuracy regardless of visual target locations. However, results demonstrated the association between final fixation duration task difficulty, that is, longer final fixation duration with increased visual target distance. Conclusion: The results indicate that visual fixations before movement initiation are uncharacteristically long while visual fixations just before the completion of the movement are relatively short.

scholarly journals Conditions that alter saccadic eye movement latencies and affect target choice to visual stimuli and to electrical stimulation of area V1 in the monkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 661-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER H. SCHILLER ◽  
GEOFFREY L. KENDALL ◽  
WARREN M. SLOCUM ◽  
EDWARD J. TEHOVNIK
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Fixation Spot ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractIn this study, we examined procedures that alter saccadic latencies and target selection to visual stimuli and electrical stimulation of area V1 in the monkey. It has been shown that saccadic eye movement latencies to singly presented visual targets form a bimodal distribution when the fixation spot is turned off a number of milliseconds prior to the appearance of the target (the gap period); the first mode has been termed express saccades and the second regular saccades. When the termination of the fixation spot is coincident with the appearance of the target (0 ms gap), express saccades are rarely generated. We show here that a bimodal distribution of saccadic latencies can also be obtained when an array of visual stimuli is presented prior to the appearance of the visual target, provided the elements of the array overlap spatially with the visual target. The overall latency of the saccadic eye movements elicited by electrical stimulation of area V1 is significantly shortened both when a gap is introduced between the termination of the fixation spot and the stimulation and when an array is presented. However, under these conditions, the distribution of saccadic latencies is unimodal. When two visual targets are presented after the fixation spot, introducing a gap has no effect on which target is chosen. By contrast, when electrical stimulation is paired with a visual target, introducing a gap greatly increases the frequency with which the electrical stimulation site is chosen.

THEORY OF LAW AND PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AS THEORETICAL DISCOURSES: SPECIFICS AND RELATIONSHIP

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Вадим Леонидович Афанасьевский
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
The Relationship

В статье анализируется проблема взаимоотношений философии права и научной теории права. Рассматриваемая проблема стала особенно актуальной в российском образовательном пространстве в связи с введением после длительного перерыва в государственный образовательный стандарт магистратуры по юриспруденции учебной дисциплины «Философия права». Автор статьи в качестве базисного принимает тезис, согласно которому философия права, являясь сферой философской мысли, и теория права как область научного социогуманитарного знания представляют собой разные типы теоретического дискурса. Исходя из этого, в статье выстраивается теоретическая концепция, согласно которой задачей философии права как философского типа мышления является конструирование или экспликация онтологических, эпистемологических, аксиологических, феноменологических оснований для формирования и функционирования научных теоретико-правовых и историко-правовых построений. Для реализации поставленной в статье задачи подробно рассматриваются ключевые характеристики как теории философского типа, так и идеалов, норм и характеристик научного знания. Выявленное различие экстраполируется на взаимоотношение теории права как продукта научного творчества и философии права как конструкции, задающей базовые мировоззренческие смыслы. В качестве примера выработанных философией права и государства оснований научных теорий прогресса, государства, морали и права, автор приводит взгляды мыслителей западноевропейской философской классики: Т. Гоббса, Ж.-Ж. Руссо, И. Канта, Г.В.Ф. Гегеля. Именно их философские концепции предопределили образы теоретико- и историко-правовых учений XVIII, XIX, XX и даже начала XXI в. Таким образом, отношение философии права и теории права выстраивается по «вертикали»: от онтологического основания к возведению теоретико-правовых и историко-правовых научных построений. The article analyzes the problem of the relationship between the philosophy of law and the scientific theory of law. The problem under consideration has become especially urgent in the Russian educational space in connection with the introduction of the Philosophy of Law discipline master's degree in law after a long break. The author of the article takes as the basis the thesis that the philosophy of law, being the sphere of philosophical thought, and the theory of law as a field of scientific socio-humanitarian knowledge are different types of theoretical discourse. Based on this, the article builds a theoretical concept according to which the task of the philosophy of law as a philosophical type of thinking is the construction or explication of ontological, epistemological, axiological, phenomenological grounds for the formation and functioning of concrete scientific theoretical and legal and historical and legal constructions. To implement the task posed in the article, the key characteristics of both a theory of a philosophical type and ideals, norms and characteristics of scientific knowledge are examined in detail. The revealed difference is extrapolated to the relationship between the theory of law as a product of scientific creativity and the philosophy of law as a construction that sets basic philosophical meanings. As an example of the foundations of the scientific theories of progress, state, morality and law developed by the philosophy of law and the state, the author gives the views and thinkers of the West European philosophical classics T. Hobbes, J.-J. Russo, I. Kant, G.V.F. Hegel. It was their philosophical concepts that predetermined the images of theoretical and historical-legal doctrines of the XVIII, XIX, XX and even the beginning of the XXI centuries. Thus, the attitude of the philosophy of law and the theory of law is built along the «vertical»: from the ontological foundation to the construction of theoretical and historical and historical legal scientific constructions.

The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
English History ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
English Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interpretative Framework

Part I of this book is an in-depth examination of the characteristics of the Tuscan aristocracy across the first two and a half centuries of the second millennium, as studied by Italian historians and others working within the Italian tradition: their origins, interests, strategies for survival and exercise of power; the structure and the several levels of aristocracy and how these interrelated; the internal dynamics and perceptions that governed aristocratic life; and the relationship to non-aristocratic sectors of society. It will look at how aristocratic society changed across this period and how far changes were internally generated as opposed to responses from external stimuli. The relationship between the aristocracy and public authority will also be examined. Part II of the book deals with England. The aim here is not a comparative study but to bring insights drawn from Tuscan history and Tuscan historiography into play in understanding the evolution of English society from around the year 1000 to around 1250. This part of the book draws on the breadth of English historiography but is also guided by the Italian experience. The book challenges the interpretative framework within which much English history of this period tends to be written—that is to say the grand narrative which revolves around Magna Carta and English exceptionalism—and seeks to avoid dangers of teleology, of idealism, and of essentialism. By offering a study of the aristocracy across a wide time-frame and with themes drawn from Italian historiography, I hope to obviate these tendencies and to appreciate the aristocracy firmly within its own contexts.

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