SURFACE MODIFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL SHEETS BY MeV ION IMPLANTATION

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. WANG ◽  
K. OZAKI ◽  
H. ISHIKAWA ◽  
S. NAKANO ◽  
H. OGISO
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Several different species of ions, Au , Fe , Ag , Ti and Si , were implanted into austenite stainless steel sheets at an energy of 3 MeV respectively. The martensite transformation induced with the ion implantation was investigated with transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The residual stresses induced with ion implantation were evaluated by the curvature technique. The effects of irradiation doses and ion species on the residual stress near surface induced by ion implantation were investigated. It is found that compressive residual stresses were induced by all the ions, and Fe and Au ions, among these ions, produced a higher level of residual stress at the same implantation. It shows that ion implantation can be employed to control and modify the internal stress near surface by changing the irradiation dose and selecting ion specie of the ion implantation.

Measuring residual stresses in stainless steel—recent experiences within a VAMAS exercise

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. S41-S44 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Fry ◽  
J. D. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Industrial Sectors

Residual stresses impact on a wide variety of industrial sectors including the automotive, power generation, industrial plant, construction, aerospace, railway and transport industries, and a range of materials manufacturers and processing companies. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is one of the most popular methods for measuring residual stress (Kandil et al., 2001) used routinely in quality control and materials characterization for validating models and design. The VAMAS TWA20 Project 3 activity on the “Measurement of Residual Stresses by X-ray Diffraction” was initiated by NPL in 2005 to examine various aspects of the XRD test procedure in support of work aimed at developing an international standard in this area. The purpose of this project was to examine and reduce some of the sources of scatter and uncertainty in the measurement of residual stress by X-ray diffraction on metallic materials, through an international intercomparison and validation exercise. One of the major issues the intercomparison highlighted was the problem associated with measuring residual stresses in austenitic stainless steel. The following paper describes this intercomparison, reviews the results of the exercise and details additional work looking at developing best practice for measuring residual stresses in austenitic stainless steel, for which X-ray measurements are somewhat unreliable and problematic.

scholarly journals Nanocrystal Formation Via Yttrium Ion Implantation into Sapphire

1995 ◽  
Vol 396 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Hunt ◽  
J. M. Hampikian ◽  
D. B. Poker
Keyword(s):  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ion Channeling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Amorphous Surface ◽  
Yttrium Ion ◽  
Nanosized Crystals

AbstractIon implantation has been used to form nanocrystals in the near surface of single crystal A12O3. The ion fluence was 5 x 1016 Y+/cm2, and the implant energies investigated were 100, 150, and 170 keV. The morphology of the implanted region was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and ion channeling. The implantation causes the formation of an amorphous surface layer which contains spherical nanosized crystals with a diameter of ∼13 nm. The nanocrystals are randomly oriented and exhibit a face-centered cubic structure with a lattice pmeter of ∼4.1 A ± .02 A. Preliminary chemical analysis shows that these nanocrystals are rich in aluminum and yttrium and poor in oxygen relative to the amorphous matrix.

scholarly journals Investigations on Residual Stresses within Hot-Bulk-Formed Components Using Process Simulation and the Contour Method

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Bernd-Arno Behrens ◽  
Jens Gibmeier ◽  
Kai Brunotte ◽  
Hendrik Wester ◽  
Nicola Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Hot Forming ◽  
Contour Method ◽  
Stress Profile ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray

Residual stresses resulting from hot-forming processes represent an important aspect of a component’s performance and service life. Considering the whole process chain of hot forming, the integrated heat treatment provided by a defined temperature profile during cooling offers a great potential for the targeted adjustment of the desired residual stress state. Finite element (FE) simulation is a powerful tool for virtual process design aimed at generating a beneficial residual stress profile. The validation of these FE models is typically carried out on the basis of individual surface points, as these are accessible through methods like X-ray diffraction, hole-drilling, or the nanoindentation method. However, especially in bulk forming components, it is important to evaluate the quality of the model based on residual stress data from the volume. For these reasons, in this paper, an FE model which was already validated by near surface X-ray diffraction analyses was used to explain the development of residual stresses in a reference hot forming process for different cooling scenarios. Subsequently, the reference process scenarios were experimentally performed, and the resulting residual stress distributions in the cross-section of the bulk specimens were determined by means of the contour method. These data were used to further validate the numerical simulation of the hot forming process, wherein a good agreement between the contour method and process simulation was observed.

Residual Stresses in Locally Long Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Parts

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 284-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Chun Sun ◽  
Zhi Yuan Chen ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
De Xin Ma ◽  
Yu Tao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Tensile Residual Stress ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fem Method ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

In locally long fiber reinforced aluminum parts two types residual stresses exist. They are the microscopic residual stress between fiber and matrix and the macroscopic residual stress between reinforced and unreinforced zones. The residual stresses between fiber and matrix in γ-Al2O3 long fiber reinforced aluminum alloy Al-6-1-1 were measured with X-ray Diffraction process as well as simulated with FEM method. The results indicated that the residual stresses in both fiber and matrix were distributed very unequally. The maximum tensile residual stress occurred at the boundary in the matrix and the maximum compressive residual stresses occurred near the boundary in the fiber. The macroscopic residual stresses between the reinforced and unreinforced zones were also measured with borehole method as well as simulated with FEM. It was found that the macroscopic residual stresses at most locations in both the reinforced and unreinforced zones were not harmfully high. However in both reinforced and unreinforced zones there were small sub-zones of very large tensile residual stresses.

scholarly journals Determination of phases and residual stresses after martensitic transformation induced by rolling in 304L stainless steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juciane Maria Alves ◽  
Luiz Paulo Brandao ◽  
Andersan dos Santos Paula
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Compressive Residual Stress ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
304L Stainless Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACT The 304L austenitic stainless steel is susceptible to deformation induced martensitic transformation. This phase transformation depends on the temperature as well as on the mode, rate and level of deformation. In this work the phases and residual stresses of a 304L TRIP steel where martensitic transformation was induced by cold rolling were investigated by X-ray diffraction XRD. The analyses were performed for different sample thicknesses. The results showed that the phase composition and the residual stresses are strongly dependent on sample thickness. All samples showed a compressive residual stress.

Anomalous Residual Stresses

1966 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Ricklefs ◽  
W. P. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Strain Gage ◽  
Cylindrical Specimen ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Constant Magnitude ◽  
Unidirectional Plastic ◽  
Plastic Extension ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

AbstractResidual stresses were measured in hardened and tempered specimens after unidirectional plastic extension. X-ray and strain gage-layer removal methods were compared. Anomalous residual stresses were found in extended samples at hardnesses of Rc 32–35. The X-ray method indicated compressive residual stresses of nearly constant magnitude through ⅓ the thickness of flat samples, while the strain gagelayer removal method indicated that no macrostress existed. A constant anomalous residual stress was also seen by X-ray through ⅗ the thickness of a cylindrical specimen deformed uniformly in tension. Little or no anomalous stress was found in an extended specimen at Re 55 or in a specimen at Rc 44 after uniform bending.

Micro-slotting technique for reliable measurement of sub-surface residual stress in Ti-6Al-4V

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Burns ◽  
Joseph Newkirk ◽  
James Castle
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Residual Stress ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measurement Volume ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses

Micro-slotting, a relaxation residual stress measurement technique, has recently been shown to be an effective method for measuring local residual stresses in a variety of materials. The micro-slotting method relies on a scanning electron microscope–focused ion beam system for milling and imaging, digital image correlation software to track displacements due to residual stress relaxation after milling, and finite element analysis for displacement–stress correlation and calculation of the original stress state in the imaged region. The high spatial resolution of the micro-slotting method makes it a promising technique for obtaining near-surface residual stress data in Ti-6Al-4V components for input into fatigue life models and crack growth simulations. However, use of the micro-slotting method on this alloy has yet to be evaluated against more established measurement techniques. In this study, spatially resolved sub-surface residual stress measurements were obtained on shot peened and low-stress surface-machined Ti-6Al-4V planar coupons using the micro-slotting method and were compared to measurements obtained using the conventional X-ray diffraction depth profiling technique. The sub-surface measurements were in good agreement for the shot peened sample. Observed differences in the measured near-surface residual stresses on the surface-machined sample were attributed to the larger measurement volume of the X-ray diffraction method, suggesting that the micron-sized measurement volume of the micro-slotting method may be more suitable for capturing shallow stress profiles and steep stress gradients. Prior to performing the micro-slotting measurements, finite element modeled displacements were used to verify the measurement procedure and to address uncertainties in the milled slot geometries. The results of this study demonstrated the validity of the micro-slotting procedure and established the technique as a reliable method for measuring sub-surface residual stresses in Ti-6Al-4V.

scholarly journals Residual Stress and Texture Due to Cold and Hot Extrusion Processes

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pyzalla ◽  
W. Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Hot Extrusion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Residual Stress State ◽  
Low Degrees ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

The residual stress state and the texture of cold forward extruded full and hollow steel bodies as well as a hot extruded AlSi25Cu4Mg1 tube are studied by X-ray, high energy synchrotron and neutron diffraction. The experimental results reveal that all samples are fibre textured and that there are characteristic distributions of the residual stresses vs. sample diameter. In case of the cold forward extruded samples at low degrees of natural strain, the rod kernel is under compressive residual stresses which are balanced by tensile residual stresses in the outer part of the sample. In contrast to this, the outer part of the hot extruded sample is under compressive macroscopic stresses which are balanced by tensile macroscopic residual stresses in the inner part of the sample.

The Effect of Specimen Thickness on Low Temperature Gaseous Carburization of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Peng-peng Zhang ◽  
Jianming Gong
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Surface Residual Stress ◽  
Carburized Layer ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

In this present paper, the effect of specimen thickness on carburized layer thickness and surface residual stress of low temperature gaseous carburized AISI316L austenitic stainless steel was investigated by using specimen with thicknesses from ∼0.1 to ∼3 mm. After 15 and 30 hrs Low Temperature Gaseous Carburization (LTGC) treatment, the carburized layer thickness, surface residual stress and surface morphology were studied by optical microscope (OM), X-ray residual stress analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the specimen original thickness has no effect on the thickness of carburized layer. Surface compressive residual stresses are constant as about −1.6 and −2.1 GPa when the specimen thicknesses are not less than 0.485 mm for 15 hrs and 0.926 mm for 30 hrs LTGC treatment respectively. With the reduction of specimen thicknesses from 0.485 to 0.081 mm for 15 hrs LTGC treatment and 0.926 to 0.082 mm for 30 hrs LTGC treatment, the compressive residual stresses declined and finally reached about +0.4 and +1.0 GPa, respectively. Surface inter-granular cracking occurred on 0.082 mm specimen after 30 hrs LTGC treatment.

INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING ON THE DEPTH MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE SHOT PEENED DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850059
Author(s):  
QIANG FENG ◽  
JIA SHE ◽  
YONG XIANG ◽  
XIANYUN WU ◽  
CHENGXI WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

The depth profiles of residual stresses and lattice parameters in the surface layers of shot peened duplex stainless steel at elevated temperature were investigated utilizing X-ray diffraction analysis. At each deformation depth, residual stress distributions in both ferrite and austenite were studied by X-ray diffraction stress analysis which is performed on the basis of the sin[Formula: see text] method and the lattice parameters were explored by Rietveld method. The results reveal that difference changes of depth residual compressive stress profiles between ferrite and austenite under the same annealing condition are resulted from the diverse coefficient of thermal expansion, dislocation density, etc. for different phases in duplex stainless steel. The relaxations of depth residual stresses in austenite are more obvious than those in ferrite. The lattice parameters decrease in the surface layer with the extending of annealing time, however, they increase along the depth after annealing for 16[Formula: see text]min. The change of the depth lattice parameters can be ascribed to both thermal expansion and the relaxation of residual stress. The different changes of microstructure at elevated temperature between ferrite and austenite are discussed.

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