scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON G-HMM AND TSS TECHNOLOGIES FOR EYE MOVEMENT TRACKING ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140023
Author(s):  
XIAOWEI WANG ◽  
XIAOXU GENG ◽  
JINKE WANG ◽  
SHINICHI TAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
The Difference

Eye movement analysis provides a new way for disease screening, quantification and assessment. In order to track and analyze eye movement scanpaths under different conditions, this paper proposed the Gaussian mixture-Hidden Markov Model (G-HMM) modeling the eye movement scanpath during saccade, combing with the Time-Shifting Segmentation (TSS) method for model optimization, and also the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method was utilized to perform the recognition and evaluation tasks based on the multi-dimensional features. In the experiments, 800 real scene images of eye-movement sequences datasets were used, and the experimental results show that the G-HMM method has high specificity for free searching tasks and high sensitivity for prompt object search tasks, while TSS can strengthen the difference of eye movement characteristics, which is conducive to eye movement pattern recognition, especially for search tasks.

scholarly journals Eye Movement Analysis and Cognitive Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gamito ◽  
Jorge Oliveira ◽  
Diogo Morais ◽  
Matthew Pavlovic ◽  
Olivia Smyth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Total Fixation

SummaryBackground: An adequate behavioral response depends on attentional and mnesic processes. When these basic cognitive functions are impaired, the use of non-immersive Virtual Reality Applications (VRAs) can be a reliable technique for assessing the level of impairment. However, most non-immersive VRAs use indirect measures to make inferences about visual attention and mnesic processes (e.g., time to task completion, error rate).Objectives: To examine whether the eye movement analysis through eye tracking (ET) can be a reliable method to probe more effectively where and how attention is deployed and how it is linked with visual working memory during comparative visual search tasks (CVSTs) in non-immersive VRAs.Methods: The eye movements of 50 healthy participants were continuously recorded while CVSTs, selected from a set of cognitive tasks in the Systemic Lisbon Battery (SLB). Then a VRA designed to assess of cognitive impairments were randomly presented.Results: The total fixation duration, the number of visits in the areas of interest and in the interstimulus space, along with the total execution time was significantly different as a function of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that CVSTs in SLB, when combined with ET, can be a reliable and unobtrusive method for assessing cognitive abilities in healthy individuals, opening it to potential use in clinical samples.

Integrated Application of Eye Movement Analysis and Beauty Estimation in the Visual Landscape Quality Estimation of Urban Waterfront Park

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (09) ◽  
pp. 1856010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Sun ◽  
Hua Shao ◽  
Shuyang Li ◽  
Xiaoxun Huang ◽  
Wenyan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Quality Estimation ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Behaviors ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
Landscape Quality ◽  
Urban Waterfront

Beauty estimation is a common method for landscape quality estimation, although it has some limitations. With eye tracker, the visual behaviors of the subjects during the estimation can be recorded. Through the analyses of heat maps, path maps and eye movement data, the psychological changes of the subjects and the underlying law of beauty aesthetic can be understood, which will provide supplementation to beauty estimation. This paper studied the beauty estimation of urban waterfront parks and proofed that the landscape quality estimation method focussing on beauty estimation and assisted by eye movement tracking is feasible. It can improve the objectiveness and accuracy of landscape quality estimation to some extent and provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects and combination law of landscape characteristic elements.

EXPRESS: Eye Movement Patterns to Social and Non-social Cues in Early Deaf Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199851
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonmassar ◽  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Alessio Di Renzo ◽  
Cristina Caselli ◽  
Wieske van Zoest
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs. arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs. 750 ms) and cue-validity (valid vs. invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue-effect on RT was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of cue-type, cue-validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of cue-type.

scholarly journals How Does Wearing a Facecover Influence the Eye Movement Pattern in Times of COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Luca Schuster ◽  
Michael Alfertshofer ◽  
Sebastian Felix Baumbach ◽  
Viktoria Herterich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic facecovers have become a common sight. The effect of facecovers on the gaze when looking at faces has not yet been assessed. Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate any potential differences in eye movement pattern in observers exposed to images showing a face without and with a facecover to identify if there is truly a change of gaze when identifying (masked) facial features. Methods The eye movement of 64 study participants (28 males and 36 females) with a mean [standard deviation] age of 31.84 [9.0] years was analyzed in this cross-sectional observational study. Eye movement analysis was conducted based on positional changes of eye features within an x- and y-coordinate system while two images (face without/with facecover) were displayed for 8 seconds. Results The results of this study revealed that the sequence of focusing on facial regions was not altered when wearing a facecover and followed the sequence: perioral, nose, periorbital. Wearing a facecover significantly increased the time spent focusing on the periorbital region and also increased the number of repeated eye fixations during the 8-second visual stimulus presentation. No statistically significant differences were observed between male and female participants in their eye movement pattern across all investigated variables (P > 0.433). Conclusions The altered eye movement pattern caused by wearing facecoverings that this study has revealed suggests that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, aesthetic practitioners might consider developing marketing and treatment strategies that principally target the periorbital area.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

scholarly journals Radiochemistry, Production Processes, Labeling Methods, and ImmunoPET Imaging Pharmaceuticals of Iodine-124

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Arijit Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Clinical Environments

Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, 124I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, production processes of 124I, various 124I-labeling methodologies for large biomolecules, mAbs, and the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for various cancer targets in preclinical and clinical environments. A summary of several production processes, including 123Te(d,n)124I, 124Te(d,2n)124I, 121Sb(α,n)124I, 123Sb(α,3n)124I, 123Sb(3He,2n)124I, natSb(α, xn)124I, natSb(3He,n)124I reactions, a detailed overview of the 124Te(p,n)124I reaction (including target selection, preparation, processing, and recovery of 124I), and a fully automated process that can be scaled up for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) production of large quantities of 124I is provided. Direct, using inorganic and organic oxidizing agents and enzyme catalysis, and indirect, using prosthetic groups, 124I-labeling techniques have been discussed. Significant research has been conducted, in more than the last two decades, in the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for target-specific cancer detection. Details of preclinical and clinical evaluations of the potential 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals are described here.

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