scholarly journals How Does Wearing a Facecover Influence the Eye Movement Pattern in Times of COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Luca Schuster ◽  
Michael Alfertshofer ◽  
Sebastian Felix Baumbach ◽  
Viktoria Herterich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic facecovers have become a common sight. The effect of facecovers on the gaze when looking at faces has not yet been assessed. Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate any potential differences in eye movement pattern in observers exposed to images showing a face without and with a facecover to identify if there is truly a change of gaze when identifying (masked) facial features. Methods The eye movement of 64 study participants (28 males and 36 females) with a mean [standard deviation] age of 31.84 [9.0] years was analyzed in this cross-sectional observational study. Eye movement analysis was conducted based on positional changes of eye features within an x- and y-coordinate system while two images (face without/with facecover) were displayed for 8 seconds. Results The results of this study revealed that the sequence of focusing on facial regions was not altered when wearing a facecover and followed the sequence: perioral, nose, periorbital. Wearing a facecover significantly increased the time spent focusing on the periorbital region and also increased the number of repeated eye fixations during the 8-second visual stimulus presentation. No statistically significant differences were observed between male and female participants in their eye movement pattern across all investigated variables (P > 0.433). Conclusions The altered eye movement pattern caused by wearing facecoverings that this study has revealed suggests that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, aesthetic practitioners might consider developing marketing and treatment strategies that principally target the periorbital area.

Visual and presaccadic neuronal activity in thalamic internal medullary lamina of cat: a study of targeting

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schlag-Rey ◽  
J. Schlag
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Stimulus Movement ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Double Activation ◽  
Alert Cats

1. Visual responses and eye movement-related activities were studied in single neurons of the thalamic internal medullary lamina (IML) of alert cats. The animals faced a tangent screen on which stationary or moving spots of light were presented. Of 95 units, 26% discharged in relation to photic stimuli but not eye movement, 6% in relation to eye movement but not photic stimuli, and 68% in relation to both. These units were intermixed in the same region. 2. Visual responses varied from transient to sustained. IML units were not found particularly sensitive to stimulus movement when the eyes were fixed. Strong and consistent responses could be elicited by extremely dim and weakly contrasted stationary stimuli (e.g.) 3.4 mcd/m2, 2.6% of illumination background) binocularly viewed. Receptive fields (from 250 to 800 deg2) were determined, in absence of eye movements, by computing the position of effective stimuli relative to the point of fixation of the gaze. An area of greatest responsiveness in the receptive field of most units could be detected on the basis of either higher probability of response, minimum latency, greater number of spikes in initial transient burst, or stronger sustained activity. Whole fields or their areas of greatest responsiveness were located on the side toward which saccades were accompanied by increased firing of the unit. 3. On trials in which a delay occurred between stimulus presentation and the cat's targeting saccade, the majority of the units studied changed their activity twice: after the stimulus and before the eye movement. In 16 units, the presaccadic activation occurred only with targeting, not with spontaneous saccades. 4. These results suggest that cells in the IML region of the cat play a significant role in the control of visually elicited eye movements. The resemblance of these cells to the monkey's tectual cells is discussed and hypotheses are proposed a) to relate the receptive field characteristics to the targeting operation, and b) to account for the double activation--sensory and motor--of many IML cells.

EXPRESS: Eye Movement Patterns to Social and Non-social Cues in Early Deaf Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199851
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonmassar ◽  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Alessio Di Renzo ◽  
Cristina Caselli ◽  
Wieske van Zoest
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs. arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs. 750 ms) and cue-validity (valid vs. invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue-effect on RT was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of cue-type, cue-validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of cue-type.

scholarly journals Investigating the Spatial Pattern of Older Drivers’ Eye Fixation Behaviour and Associations with Their Visual Capacity

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Sun ◽  
Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia ◽  
Torbjörn Falkmer ◽  
Hoe Lee
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Lower Capacity

Visual capacity generally declines as people age, yet its impact on visual search patterns along different road sections of actual driving still remains undocumented. In this on-road driving study, we simultaneously recorded 30 older drivers’ eye movement and precise vehicle movement trajectories. The vehicle positions were linked to every eye fixation of individual drivers so that we know the locations of a driver's gaze origin in geospatial coordinates. Spatial distribution pattern of drivers’ eye fixations (duration and frequency) were then analysed. We further investigated the associations between older drivers’ visual capacity (processing speed, divided and selective attention) and their eye fixation patterns in various driving manoeuvres. The results indicate that driving scenarios have significant impact on older drivers’ visual patterns. Older drivers performed more frequent eye fixations when manoeuvreing through roundabouts, while they tended to fixate on certain objects much longer during straight road driving. The key findings show that the processing speed and divided attention of older drivers were associated with their eye fixations at complex right-turns; drivers with a lower capacity for selective attention performed less frequent eye fixations at roundabout manoeuvres. This study has also demonstrated that visualisation and spatial statistics are effective and intuitive approaches in eye movement analysis.

scholarly journals Parsing eye movement analysis of scanpaths of naïve viewers of art: How do we differentiate art from non-art pictures?

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang H. Zangemeister ◽  
Claudio Privitera
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Viewing Sessions ◽  
The Brain

Relating to G. Buswell’s early work we posed the questions: How do art-naïve people look at pairs of artful pictures and similarly looking snapshots? Does the analysis of their eye movement recordings reveal a difference in their perception? Parsing eye scanpaths using string editing, similarity coefficients can be sorted out and represented for the two measures ‘Sp’ (Similarities of position) and ‘Ss’ (Similarities of sequences). 25 picture pairs were shown 5 times to 7 subjects with no specific task, who were ‘art-naïve’ to avoid confounding of the results through specific art knowledge of the subjects. A significant difference between scanpaths of artful pictures compared to snapshots was not found in our subjects´ repeated viewing sessions. Auto-similarity (same subject viewing the same picture) and cross-similarity (different subjects viewing the same picture) significantly demonstrated this result, for sequences of eye fixations (Ss) as well as their positions (Sp): In case of global (different subjects and different pairs) sequential similarity Ss we found that about 84 percent of the picture pairs where viewed with very low similarity, in quasi random mode within the range of random values. Only in 4 out of 25 artful-picture snapshot pairs was a high similarity found. A specific restricted set of representative regions in the internal cognitive model of the picture is essential for the brain to perceive and eventually recognize the picture: This representative set is quite similar for different subjects and different picture pairs independently of their art–non art features that where in most cases not recognized by our subjects. Furthermore our study shows that the distinction of art versus non-art has vanished, causing confusion about the ratio of signal and noise in the communication between artists and viewers of art.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON G-HMM AND TSS TECHNOLOGIES FOR EYE MOVEMENT TRACKING ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140023
Author(s):  
XIAOWEI WANG ◽  
XIAOXU GENG ◽  
JINKE WANG ◽  
SHINICHI TAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
The Difference

Eye movement analysis provides a new way for disease screening, quantification and assessment. In order to track and analyze eye movement scanpaths under different conditions, this paper proposed the Gaussian mixture-Hidden Markov Model (G-HMM) modeling the eye movement scanpath during saccade, combing with the Time-Shifting Segmentation (TSS) method for model optimization, and also the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method was utilized to perform the recognition and evaluation tasks based on the multi-dimensional features. In the experiments, 800 real scene images of eye-movement sequences datasets were used, and the experimental results show that the G-HMM method has high specificity for free searching tasks and high sensitivity for prompt object search tasks, while TSS can strengthen the difference of eye movement characteristics, which is conducive to eye movement pattern recognition, especially for search tasks.

The Uncanny Valley and the Importance of Eye Contact

i-com ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Schwind ◽  
Solveigh Jäger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Uncanny Valley ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
Areas Of Interest

AbstractThe Uncanny Valley hypothesis describes the negative emotional response of human observers that is evoked by artificial figures or prostheses with a human-like appearance. Many studies have pointed out the meaning of facial features, but did not further investigate the importance of eye contact and its role in decision making about artificial faces. In this study we recorded the number and duration of fixations of participants (N = 53) and recorded gaze movements and fixations on different areas of interest, as well as the response time when a participant judged a face as non-human. In a subsequent questionnaire, we grasped subjective ratings. In our analysis we found correlations between the likeability and the duration of eye fixations on the eye area. The gaze sequences show that artificial faces were visually processed similar to the real ones and mostly remained not assessed as artificial as long as the eye regions were not considered.

scholarly journals Absorbing the gaze, scattering looks: Klimt’s distinctive style and its two-fold effect on the eye of the beholder

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Miscena ◽  
Jozsef Arato ◽  
Raphael Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Gustav Klimt ◽  
Recorded Data

Among the most renowned painters of the early twentieth century, Gustav Klimt is often associated – by experts and laymen alike - with a distinctive style of representation: the visual juxtaposition of realistic features and flattened ornamental patterns. Art historical writing suggests that this juxtaposition allows a two-fold experience; the perception of both the realm of art and the realm of life. While Klimt adopted a variety of stylistic choices in his career, this one popularised his work and was hardly ever used by other artists. The following study was designed to observe whether Klimt’s distinctive style causes a specific behaviour of the viewer, at the level of eye-movements. Twenty-one portraits were shown to thirty viewers while their eye-movements were recorded. The pictures included artworks by Klimt in both his distinctive and non-distinctive styles, as well as other artists of the same historical period. The recorded data show that only Klimt’s distinctive paintings induce a specific eye-movement pattern with alternating longer (“absorbed”) and shorter (“scattered”) fixations. We therefore claim that there is a behavioural correspondence to what art historical interpretations have so far asserted: The perception of “Klimt’s style” can be described as two-fold also at a physiological level.

scholarly journals Gaze Parameters in the Analysis of Ambiguous Geometric Shapes

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204166952199839
Author(s):  
Linda Krauze ◽  
Ilze Ceple ◽  
Jurgis Skilters ◽  
Mara Delesa–Velina ◽  
Baingio Pinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Shape Perception ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis ◽  
Forced Choice Task

This study explores perceptual organisation and shape perception when viewing a tetragon and an additional element (a dot) that is located at varying positions and distances next to the tetragon. The aim of the study is to determine the factors that can alter the interpretation of object configuration and impact whether the presented tetragon is perceived as a diamond or a square. Methods used in this study are a forced-choice task as a subjective measurement and eye tracking as an objective measurement of perceptual processes. Overall, 31 stimuli were presented to the participants: a tetragon in two different sizes with an additional element (a dot) located inside or outside the object at three different positions at three distances. The results indicate significant changes in shape perception, depending on the location of the additional element. The results are complemented with eye movement analysis indicating that as the distance between the elements increases, there is a higher probability of either of the two shape interpretations and the gaze is less likely to be directed to the area between the stimuli. Furthermore, the subjective perception of shape is codetermined by the shape perception when the tetragon is presented without the additional element.

A View of the Lexical–Grammatical Link in Young Latinos With Specific Language Impairment Using Language-Specific and Conceptual Measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía I. Méndez ◽  
Gabriela Simon-Cereijido
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
L1 And L2

Purpose This study investigated the nature of the association of lexical–grammatical abilities within and across languages in Latino dual language learners (DLLs) with specific language impairment (SLI) using language-specific and bilingual measures. Method Seventy-four Spanish/English–speaking preschoolers with SLI from preschools serving low-income households participated in the study. Participants had stronger skills in Spanish (first language [L1]) and were in the initial stages of learning English (second language [L2]). The children's lexical, semantic, and grammar abilities were assessed using normative and researcher-developed tools in English and Spanish. Hierarchical linear regressions of cross-sectional data were conducted using measures of sentence repetition tasks, language-specific vocabulary, and conceptual bilingual lexical and semantic abilities in Spanish and English. Results Results indicate that language-specific vocabulary abilities support the development of grammar in L1 and L2 in this population. L1 vocabulary also contributes to L2 grammar above and beyond the contribution of L2 vocabulary skills. However, the cross-linguistic association between vocabulary in L2 and grammar skills in the stronger or more proficient language (L1) is not observed. In addition, conceptual vocabulary significantly supported grammar in L2, whereas bilingual semantic skills supported L1 grammar. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the same language-specific vocabulary abilities drive grammar development in L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI. In the early stages of L2 acquisition, vocabulary skills in L1 also seem to contribute to grammar skills in L2 in this population. Thus, it is critical to support vocabulary development in both L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI, particularly in the beginning stages of L2 acquisition. Clinical and educational implications are discussed.

Perceived Voice Disorders in Older Adults and Impact on Social Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Connie K. Porcaro ◽  
Clare Singer ◽  
Boris Djokic ◽  
Ali A. Danesh ◽  
Ruth Tappen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional

Purpose Many aging individuals, even those who are healthy, report voice changes that can impact their ability to communicate as they once did. While this is commonly reported, most do not seek evaluation or management for this issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and differences in voice disorders in older adults, along with the effect of fatigue on their social interactions. Method This is a cross-sectional investigation of a community-dwelling sample of individuals aged 60 years or older. Participants completed the Questionnaire on Vocal Performance, the Social Engagement Index subset “Engagement in Social or Leisure Activities,” and the Fatigue Severity Scale. Results Results indicated 32.5% of the 332 participants reported symptoms of voice problems with no difference found between male and female respondents. A slight increase in report of voice problems was noted with each year of age. Participants who self-reported voice problems indicated less interaction in social activities involving communication than those who did not. Finally, as severity of self-reported voice problems increased, an increase was reported by the same individuals for signs of fatigue. Conclusions Voice problems and resulting decreased social interaction are commonly experienced by older individuals. Voice symptoms in older adults have been found to benefit from evidence-based treatment strategies. It is critical to provide education to encourage older individuals to seek appropriate evaluation and management for voice issues through a speech-language pathologist or medical professional.

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