Displacement Current Staircase in Mechanical Single-Electron Turnstiles

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (Part 1, No. 8) ◽  
pp. 5381-5385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Majima ◽  
Kouhei Nagano ◽  
Atsushi Okuda
Keyword(s):  
Single Electron ◽  
Displacement Current

Displacement Current Staircase due to Coulomb Blockade

2001 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouhei Nagano ◽  
Atsushi Okuda ◽  
Yutaka Majima
Keyword(s):  
Coulomb Blockade ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Displacement Current ◽  
Electron Motion ◽  
Vibrating Probe ◽  
Current Waveform ◽  
Probe Voltage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Orthodox Theory ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn the two-junction system of the scanning vibrating probe/ Au dot / vacuum / Si structure, theoretical equations of both the displacement current waveform iD(t) and the mean displacement current ID(VP) due to Coulomb blockade are analyzed by using the orthodox theory. By usingtheoretical iD(t), the single electron motion on a Coulomb island in a period of probe vibration isexplained. Experimental ID(VP) curves due to Coulomb blockade under a constant probe voltage VP clearly show the displacement current staircase and are in good agreement with the theoretical ID(VP) curve. By using this method, the average number of quantized electrons on Au dots is directly measured through the displacement current staircase.

Evaluation of single-electron movies of glutamine synthetase molecules

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
E. Zeitler ◽  
M. Kessel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Digital Recording ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Low Exposure

The features of digital recording of a continuous series (movie) of singleelectron TV frames are reported. The technique is used to investigate structural changes in negatively stained glutamine synthetase molecules (GS) during electron irradiation and, as an ultimate goal, to look for the molecules' “undamaged” structure, say, after a 1 e/Å2 dose.The TV frame of fig. la shows an image of 5 glutamine synthetase molecules exposed to 1/150 e/Å2. Every single electron is recorded as a unit signal in a 256 ×256 field. The extremely low exposure of a single TV frame as dictated by the single-electron recording device including the electron microscope requires accumulation of 150 TV frames into one frame (fig. lb) thus achieving a reasonable compromise between the conflicting aspects of exposure time per frame of 3 sec. vs. object drift of less than 1 Å, and exposure per frame of 1 e/Å2 vs. rate of structural damage.

Single-electron sensitivity with a lens-coupled CCD camera

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
G.Y. Fan ◽  
Bruce Mrosko ◽  
Mark H. Ellisman
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Bottom Flange ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Red Phosphor ◽  
Ccd Detector ◽  
Lens Assembly ◽  
Efficient Coupling

A lens coupled CCD camera showing single electron sensitivity has been built for TEM applications. The design is illustrated in Fig. 1. The bottom flange of a JEM-4000EX microscope is replaced by a special flange which carries a large rectangular leaded glass window, 22 mm thick. A 20 μm thick layer of red phosphor is coated on the window, and the entire window is sputter-coated with a thin layer of Au/Pt. A two-lens relay system is used to provide efficient coupling between the image on the phosphor scintillator and the CCD imager. An f1.0 lens (Goerz optical) with front focal length 71.6 mm is used as the collector. A mirror prism, of the Amici type, is used to "bend" the optical path by 90° to prevent X-rays which may penetrate the leaded glass from hitting the CCD detector. Images may be relayed directly to the camera (1:1) or demagnified by a factor of up to 3:1 by moving the lens assembly.

Sensing of dynamic charge states using single-electron tunneling transistors

1998 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
V.A. Krupenin ◽  
S.V. Lotkhov ◽  
H. Scherer ◽  
A.B. Zorin ◽  
F.-J. Ahlers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Tunneling ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Single Electron Tunneling ◽  
Dynamic Charge ◽  
Charge States

Improvement of Single-Electron Digital Logic Gates by Utilizing Input Discretizers

2016 ◽  
Vol E99.C (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran THI THU HUONG ◽  
Hiroshi SHIMADA ◽  
Yoshinao MIZUGAKI
Keyword(s):  
Logic Gates ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Digital Logic

Collection and counting efficiency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Shot Noise ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Counting Efficiency ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Anode Current ◽  
Secondary Electrons

Standards laboratories can provide a photocathode calibration for quantum efficiency, as a function of wavelength, but their measurements are performed with the photomultiplier operating as a photodiode. Each photoelectron released makes a contribution to the photocathode current but, if it is lost or fails to create secondary electrons at d1, it makes no contribution to anode current. This is the basis of collection efficiency, F. The anode detection efficiency, ε‎, allied to F, refers to the counting efficiency of output pulses. The standard method for determining F involves photocurrent, anode current, count rate, and the use of highly attenuating filters; F may also be measured using methods based on single-electron responses (SERs), shot noise, or the SER at the first dynode.

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